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Jul 20, 2026

Infrared-assisted dyeing of cotton fabric using waste Camellia sinensis leaf extract

The textile coloration industry often discharges dye-rich effluents that pose both environmental and health risks. To address these risks, research on the use of bio-based dyes is ongoing. This study reports on the sustainable extraction and dyeing of cotton fabric using an extract from Camellia sinensis (Tea) leaves waste. The dyeing process utilized infrared (IR) dyeing, which reduces water consumption in the dye solution and uses heat for dye fixation instead of electrolytes, thereby contributing to sustainable dyeing. The optimal dyeing process was carried out at 60 °C for 60 min, both with and without mordants. Tannic acid, aluminium potassium sulphate (alum) and ferrous sulphate were selected as affordable and less toxic mordant. The unmordanted sample exhibited the highest colour strength (K/S = 29.85), while while ferrous sulphate mordanted sample confers the best color fastness overall. Mechanical analysis indicated an increase in bursting strength of 27% in the unmordanted dyed fabric compared with the raw fabric, along with improved drapability, while air permeability decreased by 6.8%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image confirms the dye particles within the cotton fabric, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms the presence of polyphenolic and aromatic groups responsible for dye-fiber interaction.

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Jul 3, 2026

Survey of textile fiber waste

Textile fiber waste in Pakistan is significantly produced; however, studies are needed to direct the reuse or recycling. This study demonstrated the preliminary market- based survey findings in the production of pre-consumer textile fiber waste, its collection, and the possible reuse in developing a new garment. Presently, this waste is mainly disposed of through burning or landfilling, creating an increased environmental footprint. This survey enhances the understanding of textile waste production for collecting, sorting and using in new garment making. The waste is collected from 35 commercial places in Karachi. Collected fabric pieces were used in the garment design by patchwork, and one case is demonstrated. The use of fiber dimensions, type, color, and variety found in the survey was demonstrated through a case study. It was found that the pre-consumer textile waste can be used in garment development through patch or applique designs. Several case studies were performed to apply waste fabric pieces in the design and development of fashion garments. Finally, one case study is demonstrated using patchwork to show the importance of waste fabric in garment making.

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Nov 28, 2023

The influence of priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels on the vegetative growth, yield, and yield components of AS71 hybrid corn

By carrying out a laboratory experiment, the influence of priming methods, including ZnSO4, BSN, and hydropriming was evaluated on the seed germination of hybrid AS71 corn. Then, the main and interaction effects of the priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels were surveyed on the vegetative growth traits, yield, and yield components of corn in a field experiment. Based on the lab experiment, although the maximum germination percentage (100%) was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming 22 h after treatment (HAT), the greatest seedling vigor index (122.99) was recorded with treated seeds by ZnSO4 (0.03 mg L–1) at 8 HAT. The greatest emergence index was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming on both planting dates of June 1 and 11. The interaction of planting dates and weed interference levels revealed that the highest emergence index (14%–17%) occurred in the weed-free plots on both planting dates. BSN recorded the greatest corn 1000-grain weight that was significantly higher than the control plots by 28%. Furthermore, BSN enhanced the corn grain yield compared with the control plots by 63% and 24.9% on the planting dates of June 1 and 11, respectively. BSN, as a nutri-priming approach, by displaying the highest positive effects in boosting the corn grain yield in both weedy and weed-free plots as well as both planting dates, could be a recommendable option for growers to improve the crop yield production.

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Nov 18, 2024

High-efficiency oil-water mixture separation using atmospheric pressure plasma functionalized polyester fabrics

Proposed herein is an environment-friendly method to realize oil/water separation. Nylon mesh is exposed to atmospheric pressure plasma for surface modification, by which micro/nano structures and oxygen-containing groups are created on nylon fibers. Consequently, the functionalized mesh possesses superhydrophilicity in air and thus superoleophobicity underwater. The water pre-wetted mesh is then used to separate oil/water mixtures with the separation efficiency above 97.5% for various oil/water mixtures. Results also demonstrate that the functionalized nylon mesh has excellent recyclability and durability in terms of oil/water separation. Additionally, polyurethane sponge slice and polyester fabric are also functionalized and employed to separate oil/water mixtures efficiently, demonstrating the wide suitability of this method. This simple, green and highly efficient method overcomes a nontrivial hurdle for environmentally-safe separation of oil/water mixtures, and offers insights into the design of advanced materials for practical oil/water separation.

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Nov 13, 2024

General principles for modeling of thermal prebiotic synthesis and protocell self-organization in planetary environment simulators: From non-equilibrium thermodynamics to engineering thermophysics

This paper considers the problem of achieving plausible and effective (leading to the formation of structures similar to biological ones) conditions for modeling thermally induced prebiotic processes from the perspective of thermodynamics, thermal physics, and thermal engineering. The article’s presentation is based on the principle of transition from thermal physics and thermodynamics to thermal engineering for constructing planetary environment simulators with controlled environmental conditions. Based on the physical premises from the first parts of this comprehensive review, a conclusion is made regarding the need to consider an additional set of controlled physical parameters or additional factors influencing the models of prebiotic synthesis and formation of precellular/protocell structures implemented in planetary environment simulators and hydrothermal synthesis reactors. Non-thermal heating sources are also considered, such as radiofrequency and microwave irradiation for dielectric heating, as well as radioisotope heating in the early Earth/protoplanet conditions. The coexistence of physical and chemical pathways for heating the prebiotic environment and the feasibility of modeling this separation in planetary environment simulators and controllable climate chamber facilities are highlighted. Exothermic reactions during hydrothermal serpentinization are considered as an example of chemical heating in prebiotic environments. This can lead to the abiotic synthesis of organic matter (which correlates well with the existing hypotheses of the origin of life in alkaline hydrothermal vents, with the mineral genesis of protocells and membrane potential generation on inorganic catalytic protomembranes). Thermal proteinoids and thermal proteinoid microspheres that form on their basis are considered an example of purely organic prebiotic structures obtained via hydrothermal heating. It is demonstrated that the application of thermophysical and thermal engineering approaches to modeling prebiotic systems enables the simulation of many key cellular functions by varying the precursor medium composition and the conditions in thermal experimental setups. Protobiocatalysis and protometabolism, surface (or membrane) potential oscillations, excitability, and physical heredity (thermal fission) are observed in such structures. After addition of the genetic components, the machinery for transcription and translation of the expressed genetic code can also operate within them. The possibility of implementing such models as “hypercycle in protocells” and other proto-metabolic and protogenetic networks capable of oscillation is indicated in prebiotic system models obtained in thermally cycling experimental setups. Kompanichenko’s thermodynamic theory, which also applies to hydrothermal and volcanic conditions that can be simulated in planetary environment simulators, is considered a theoretical justification for the possibility of assembling prebiological systems under such oscillatory conditions. Thus, it becomes possible to move from formal thermodynamics for describing the origin of life to engineering thermodynamics and thermal physics, which allows for the development of experimental setups and simulation chambers for validating various models of prebiological synthesis and the formation of protobiological structures, based on thermodynamic and thermochemical criteria.

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Aug 7, 2024

Gasification of peanut shell biomass using downdraft gasifier: Equilibrium modeling and experimental study

Biomass energy is abundant, clean, and carbon dioxide neutral, making it a viable alternative to fossil fuels in the near future. The release of syngas from biomass thermochemical treatments is particularly appealing since it may be used in a variety of heat and power generation systems. When a syngas with low tar and contaminants is required, downdraft gasifiers are usually one of the first gasification devices deployed. It is time-consuming and impractical to evaluate a gasification system's performance under multiple parameters, using every type of biomass currently available, which makes rapid simulation techniques with well-developed mathematical models necessary for the efficient and economical use of energy resources. This work attempts to examine, through model and experimentation, how well a throated downdraft gasification system performs when using pretreatment biomass feedstock that has been characterized. For the analyses, peanut shell (PS), a biomass waste easily obtained locally, was used. The producer gas generated with 9 mm PS pellets had a composition of 17.93% H2, 24.43 % CO, 12.47 % CO2, and 1.22% CH4 on a wet basis at the value of 0.3 equivalency ratio and 800 °C gasification temperature. The calorific value was found to be 4.96 MJ/Nm3. The biomass feedstock PS is found to be suitable for biomass gasification in order to produce syngas.

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