The impact of inflation on the economy cannot be ignored as it can affect it either positively or negatively. This is because inflation has a broad impact on the macroeconomy, such as economic growth, competitiveness and the distribution of wealth. Therefore, the way in which it is measured also requires particular attention. Our hypothesis is that the weights of the consumer baskets measuring inflation in the Central European countries (Visegrad countries: Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary) change dynamically under the influence of modern causes of inflation and we assume that the composition of the inflation baskets moves together due to the similar economic environment. The Visegrad countries (V4), consisting of Poland, Hungary, Czechia, and Slovakia, were selected for this study due to their unique position as a loose economic and political alliance within the European Union. While geographically close, these countries have different economic structures and policy responses, making them an interesting case for comparative analysis. Despite their proximity, it cannot be assumed that inflationary trends will develop similarly across these nations. This underexplored region presents an opportunity to examine how diverse macroeco-nomic factors shape inflation, adding valuable insights to the existing literature. In this study, we do not focus on comparing overall inflation trends between countries, but rather on examining the trends in the changes within the inflation baskets. The aim is to analyze how the composition of goods and services contributing to inflation shifts over time in each country, rather than simply looking at inflation rates. This approach allows us to explore deeper insights into the specific components driving inflationary pressures in the Visegrad countries, highlighting how the importance of certain goods and services evolves within the inflation basket across different economic environments. The weights of the consumer baskets measuring inflation are taken from the Inter-national Monetary Fund 2012–2022 data. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine whether there are statistically significant differences between countries’ consumer basket weights. Our results suggest that the inflation baskets of the four countries do not move significantly together, so there are significant differences in consumption patterns across nations regardless of geographical proximity. Also, contrary to our preliminary expectations, global megatrends such as demographic change, digitalisation and climate change have not yet had a significant impact on the weightings in the consumption baskets of the V4 countries. Therefore, these will require increased attention and preparation in the near future, as even if prices remain unchanged, measured inflation could change significantly across countries as weights shift.

Metaphors and financial activities are prevalent in all aspects of human life. Financial English, as an integration of finance and linguistics, has a large number of metaphorical expressions in its discourse system. This paper selected the second edition of Reuters Financial Glossary published by China Financial Publishing House as the research object, collated all the financial English metaphors included in it, and, according to the characteristics of the source domain, divided them into six categories: animal-related, plant-related, object-related, action-related, color-related and weather-related, etc. After that, the paper searched and analyzed the English materials of authoritative journals such as Financial Times and The Economist since 2024, and explored the formation causes and the translation methods of financial English metaphors under the guidance of the metaphor theory. It is hoped that this study will help further deepen the research of financial English metaphors and provide a reference for the translation of financial English texts.

Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages mandates the Village Consultative Body (BPD) as a partner of the village government in empowering village communities to achieve self-governing communities. Referring to the Village Development Index (IDM) in Malang Regency, even though there are no villages classified as very underdeveloped or underdeveloped, there are still more than 61.6% (233 villages) classified as developing, while there are 33.1% (125 villages) classified as developed, and 5.3% (20 villages) are classified as independent. Departing from this phenomenon, this research aims to describe how the BPD functions are implemented in villages classified as developing in Malang Regency under the mandate of Law No. 6 of 2014. Using a qualitative approach, research data collection was carried out using depth-interview and focus group discussion (FGD) techniques. Data analysis uses the stages proposed by Cresswell. The research results indicate that the implementation of the functions and roles of BPD in the research object villages is less effective. Patronage and the low competence and capacity of the average BPD members, as a result of a less focused election process, minimal education, training, and technical guidance, and a very inadequate development budget, are the causes of the ineffective implementation of the roles and functions of BPD members. The ineffective function of the BPD breaks hopes for increased democratization and participation of village communities in efforts to achieve a self-governing community in Malang Regency.

Amy Tan is a remarkable Chinese American female writer. The Joy Luck Club is her famous work. Its publication has aroused the upsurge of Chinese American literature and made great contributions to the mainstream of Chinese American literature. In the Joy Luck Club, it mainly describes the process from conflict to reconciliation between mothers and daughters. How does the mother use the love story to let her daughter learn some essence of Chinese culture, and get strength from it to get out of the real dilemma. Thus, it points out that the integration of mother and daughter is a strategy that mother and daughter use love to overcome obstacles and readjust their cultural identity to survive harmoniously in American society. The four mothers in this article are deeply affected by the Chinese traditional culture. They not only keep the traditional Chinese custom and culture in daily life, but also inherit the typical Chinese traditional virtues such as respecting the old, loving the young and filial piety to the old. On the contrary, the young generation was born and grew up in the open-minded and free land of the United States. When the two generations grew up in different cultural environments, and finally conflicts could not be avoided. It also shows that there are misunderstandings and contradictions between mother and daughter due to the differences of cultural class and race, but through the mother’s self-report and deep love between them, the conflicts and misunderstandings are becoming resolved. This paper tries to analyze the relationship between mother and daughter in the novel. Firstly, the author introduces the background of the author and the characters, then describes the evolution and development of the relationship, and specifically analyzes the reasons for the evolution of the mother daughter relationship. Finally, according to the reference of the mother daughter relationship described in the paper and the reflection on the development and evolution of the mother daughter relationship of today, the young generation expresses a yearning for a better mother daughter relationship.