Fungi can be used to remove or degrade polluting compounds through a mycoremediation process. Sometimes even more efficiently than prokaryotes, they can therefore be used to combat pollution from non-biodegradable polymers. Cellulose acetate is a commonly used material in the manufacture of cigarette butts, so when discarded, it generates pollution. The fungus Pleurotus ostreatus has the ability to degrade cellulose acetate through the enzymes it secretes. The enzyme hydrolyzes the acetyl group of cellulose acetate, while cellulolytic enzymes degrade the cellulose backbone into sugars, polysaccharides, or cellobiose. In addition to cellulose acetate, this fungus is capable of degrading other conventionally non-biodegradable polymers, so it has the potential to be used to reduce pollution. Large-scale cultivation of the fungus has proven to be more economically viable than conventional methods for treating non-biodegradable polymers, which is an additional advantage.

The current manuscript overviews the potential of inimitable zero dimensional carbon nanoentities, i.e., nanodiamonds, in the form of hybrid nanostructures with allied nanocarbons such as graphene and carbon nanotube. Accordingly, two major categories of hybrid nanodiamond nanoadditives have been examined for nanocompositing, including nanodiamond-graphene or nanodiamond/graphene oxide and nanodiamond/carbon nanotubes. These exceptional nanodiamond derived bifunctional nanocarbon nanostructures depicted valuable structural and physical attributes (morphology, electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.) owing to the combination of intrinsic features of nanodiamonds with other nanocarbons. Consequently, as per literature reported so far, noteworthy multifunctional hybrid nanodiamond-graphene, nanodiamond/graphene oxide, and nanodiamond/carbon nanotube nanoadditives have been argued for characteristics and potential advantages. Particularly, these nanodiamond derived hybrid nanoparticles based nanomaterials seem deployable in the fields of electromagnetic radiation shielding, electronic devices like field effect transistors, energy storing maneuvers namely supercapacitors, and biomedical utilizations for wound healing, tissue engineering, biosensing, etc. Nonetheless, restricted research traced up till now on hybrid nanodiamond-graphene and nanodiamond/carbon nanotube based nanocomposites, therefore, future research appears necessary for further precise design varieties, large scale processing, and advanced technological progresses.