This research considers the impact of a point/line heat source/sink on steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flows in a vertical channel subjected to a transverse magnetic field with a thermal boundary condition of the third-kind thermal (Robin) boundary conditions. A constant point/line heat source/sink generates convection current within the flow. The governing dimensional equations regulating the physical situation at hand are presented in dimensionless form with the associated boundary conditions. Exact solutions are derived for the momentum and energy equations using the Laplace transform technique. The effects of key controlling parameters involved in flow formations are studied, such as the magnetic parameter, point/line heat source/sink parameter and Biot number on flow behaviour are analyzed. MATLAB software is employed to obtain line graphical and tabular results. The findings indicate that lower values of the Biot number account for reduced heat transfer to the surroundings, whilst higher values lead to higher surface heat transfer. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate, frictional drag force and mass flow rate retard as the line heat source/sink approaches a point heat source. In addition, the mass flow rate increases by almost 49% as the interval between the line heat source increases. for both equal and unequal values of the Biot number. There is remarkable agreement between the current results and the previously published studies.

To improve the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanolayers, we used doping with gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles. The nanolayers were prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The surface morphology of the nanolayers was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the roughness and surface properties of the samples were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the crystal structure of the nanolayers. Also, the absorption spectra of the nanolayers were measured using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Their absorption and band gap changes were investigated and compared. A high increase in the absorption rate of nanolayers, especially compared to previous studies, was observed in the obtained results. The photocatalytic activity of the nanolayers was analyzed using the ISO-10678:2010 method for photonic efficiency, and the effect of doped elements in the structure of the nanolayers was studied. The results showed that doping titanium dioxide with metallic elements such as copper, silver, and gold significantly improves the photonic efficiency of nanolayers.

This study aims to examine the impact of family education based on Islamic economics in reducing family financial distress within families from the perspective of university students. The study was conducted on 359 undergraduate students of Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, to assess how much Islamic teachings of moderation, future planning, and financial prudence are practiced in familial financial decision-making patterns. Using descriptive and inferential analyses such as t-tests, ANOVA, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis, this study examines possible links between family budget and financial management principles and their strategies and financial distress. The findings demonstrate that compliance with Islamic financial principles significantly reduces the family’s financial distress by emphasizing needs over wants and ensuring the sound management of resources. Critical demographic variables, including income, gender, and household size, emerged as significant moderators in these relationships. The study highlights the practical and spiritual importance of incorporating Islamic teachings into family education to improve financial literacy. By offering cultural and religious perspectives on financial management and literacy, this research is valuable for shaping policies, practices, and interventions aimed at Muslim populations and global society.

This study examines the role of social media in shaping public trust in government decisions in Kazakhstan. The research aims to assess the level of public confidence in government decisions through a content analysis of public opinion poll results and social media messages. The study employs a sociological survey method combined with text analysis of poll data and online communications. The findings reveal specific patterns in the interpretation and presentation of public opinion polls on social media, including limitations related to methodological transparency and expert engagement. Based on the results, a set of practical recommendations is proposed to enhance the effectiveness of public administration through improved communication strategies, increased transparency, and greater consideration of citizens’ opinions. The study contributes to the development of participatory governance and digital public communication.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have undergone a decisive transition from efficiency-driven laboratory devices to stable, scalable, and application-oriented photovoltaic systems during the period 2020–2025. This review critically analyzes approximately 100 representative and influential DSSC research articles published during the 2020–2025 period, selected on the basis of device performance, operational stability, materials innovation, and relevance to emerging indoor photovoltaic and IoT applications. Particular emphasis is placed on the emergence of copper-based redox mediators, the transition toward quasi-solid and solid electrolytes, advances in photo stable organic sensitizers, and the development of monolithic device architectures. Recent progress has enabled DSSCs to demonstrate indoor power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 13% under low-intensity artificial illumination, along with operational lifetimes beyond 10,000 h under controlled indoor testing conditions. Recent progress has enabled DSSCs to demonstrate indoor power conversion efficiencies exceeding 13% under low-intensity artificial illumination, along with operational lifetimes beyond 10,000 h under controlled indoor testing conditions. These advances position DSSCs as leading candidates for indoor photovoltaics and Internet-of-Things (IoT) energy harvesting applications.

Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles exhibit complex charge transport behavior governed by mixed-valence electronic structure and defect chemistry. In this study, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized via a controlled co-precipitation method under an inert atmosphere to preserve Fe²⁺ states and suppress secondary phase formation. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of a nanocrystalline inverse spinel structure with an average crystallite size of ~16 nm. Morphological analysis reveals quasi-spherical, agglomerated nanoparticles. Photoluminescence spectra exhibit distinct emission bands in the visible and near-infrared regions, attributed to defect-mediated recombination involving oxygen vacancies and localized states. Temperature-dependent electrical measurements reveal non-linear semiconducting behavior with an anomalous decrease in resistivity in the 283–293 K range. This behavior is attributed to defect-assisted percolative conduction and thermally activated small polaron hopping rather than any intrinsic phase transition. The study establishes a direct correlation between defect-induced optical states and electrical transport mechanisms. The findings provide important insights into defect-engineered transport phenomena in Fe₃O₄ nanostructures for potential applications in sensing and electronic devices.