This paper provides a concise historical analysis of the political economy of privatization in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia from the 1980s to 2007, a period that witnessed the emergence of privatization as a primary policy tool to reform the public sector. The paper examines the influence of political history, macroeconomic considerations, and International Development Agencies (IDAs) on the early privatization processes in these North African countries. Despite shared developmental trajectories, internal and external factors had a significant impact on the outcomes of economic liberalization. The paper aims to answer the following key questions: What were the underlying political-economic factors driving privatization, and how successful was it in achieving the promised economic growth? Through a focused analysis of each country’s contextual factors, privatization processes, and outcomes, the paper contributes valuable insights into the nuanced dynamics shaping privatization in developing countries.

The semi-arid is a climate characterized by precipitation that is. insufficient to maintain crops and where evaporation often exceeds rainfall. Vegetation is one of the most sensitive indicators of environmental changes understanding the patterns of biodiversity distribution and what influences them is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. In this study. our focus was on examining the vegetation diversity in the semi-arid region of Tebessa. which falls within the Eastern Saharan Atlas domain in North Africa’s semi-arid zone. Plants were sampled at 15 sites distributed across the study area. The quadrat method was used to conduct floral surveys. The sampling area of each sample was 100 square meters 10 m × 10 m (quadrat). Each quadrat was measured for species richness (number of species). abundance (number of individuals). and Richness generic (plant cover). Based on the floristic research. 48 species were found. classified into 21 families. with Asteraceae accounting for 34.69% of the species and Poaceae accounting for 14.28%.

Although dykes are a predominant and widely distributed phenomenon in S-Algeria, N-Mali and N-Niger, a systematic, standardized inventory of dykes covering these areas has not been published so far. Remote sensing and geo information system (GIS) tools offer an opportunity for such an inventory. This inventory is not only of interest for the mining industry as many dykes are related to mineral occurrence of economic value, but also for hydrogeologic investigations (dykes can form barriers for groundwater flow). Surface-near dykes, major fault zones, volcanic and structural features were digitized based on Landsat 8 and 9, Sentinel 2, Sentinel 1 and ALOS PALSAR data. High resolution images of World Imagery files/ESRI and Bing Maps Aerial/Microsoft were included into the evaluations. More than 14,000 dykes were digitized and analyzed. The evaluations of satellite images allow a geomorphologic differentiation of types of dykes and the description of their characteristics such as dyke swarms or ring dykes. Dykes are tracing zones of weakness like faults and zones with higher geomechanically strain. Dyke density calculations were carried out in ArcGIS to support the detection of dyke concentrations as stress indicator. Thus, when occurring concentrated, they might indicate stressed areas where further magmatic and earthquake activity might potentially happen in future.