This study explores the impact of online assessments on students’ academic performance and learning outcomes at the University of Technology in South Africa. The research problem addresses the effectiveness and challenges of digital assessment platforms in higher education (HE), particularly their influence on student engagement, feedback quality, and academic integrity. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with ten undergraduate and postgraduate students from diverse academic backgrounds. The findings reveal that while online assessments provide flexibility and immediate feedback, they also pose challenges related to technical issues, feedback delays, and concerns about long-term knowledge retention. The study highlights the necessity of aligning assessment strategies with constructivist learning principles to enhance critical thinking and student-centered learning. Implications for theory include strengthening the application of constructivist learning in digital environments, while practical recommendations focus on improving assessment design, institutional support, and feedback mechanisms. Policy adjustments should consider inclusive and equitable access to online assessments. Future research should further investigate the long-term impact of digital assessments on professional readiness. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on online education by offering a nuanced understanding of digital assessment challenges and opportunities in higher education.

The aim of this study was to assess the challenges of rural landholding rights of women in Boloso sore Woreda. The population that used as source of data were sample womenfrom four kebeles,Kebele land administration committee members,Woreda women,youth and children office head,Woreda women’s association president,Woreda agriculture office head and Woreda agriculture office rural land administration desk experts.four kebeles from 28 rural kebeles selected by using systematic random sampling. Data gathered using questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS where descriptive and inferential were used for the purpose. Secondary data were collected from different relevant literatures such as reports, research results documents and publications. As to the findings,women landholding trend in the study area was highly contrasts legally ensured equal holding and using rights of women with men.The community including women themselves perceive women independent landholding as taboo and prohibits it.Even if they hold by different means,the plot of land they got or held was small in size and not conducive for agriculture and house construction. The awareness of women on rural land registration and certification benefit was also poor. Thus,rural women should be initiated to organize and struggle for their equal landholding and administering rights.

While infrastructure provides necessary public services and is vital for the socio-economic development of a nation, public funds alone cannot finance all infrastructure needs in society, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, where many countries are facing budget deficits. Although private financing schemes, such as public-private partnerships (PPPs) and land value capture, have been considered intensively, they have yet to produce adequate private capital flows to infrastructure projects due to a lack of incentives for private investors. Against the background, this paper proposes a new financing mechanism in which governments might divert some of the increased tax revenue from the spillover effects of newly constructed infrastructures to fund the private sector through grants or subsidies. The empirical work in Vietnam shows a significant increase in tax revenues after completing two expressways, supporting our idea about spillover effects, which includes small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development. This study’s results suggest that spillover effects can bring new opportunities for governments and multilateral development banks (MDBs) to implement infrastructure projects with greater private sector involvement in the region. It also proposes some financial schemes, such as land capture and financing for business startups, including SMEs, to enhance the spillover effects of infrastructure.