In the era of digital disruption, the imperative development of broadband services is evident. The emergence of 5G technology represents the latest stride in commercial broadband, offering data speeds poised to drive significant societal advancement. The midst of responding to this transformative phenomenon. This pursuit unveils a landscape replete with opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding how 5G’s potential benefits can drive the government towards equitable distribution, ensuring accessibility for all. Simultaneously, there exists a legal hurdle to ensure this vision’s fruition. From a legal perspective, perceived as infrastructure for transformation, the law must seamlessly adapt to and promptly address technological progress. Utilizing normative juridical methods and analytical techniques via literature review, this research endeavors to outline the advantages of 5G and scrutinize Indonesia’s latest telecommunications regulations and policies, alongside corresponding investments. The study ultimately aims to provide a juridical analysis of 5G implementation within Indonesia’s legal framework.

This paper uses Public Choice analysis to examine the case for and experience with Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). A PPP is a contractual platform which connects a governmental body and a private entity. The goal is to provide a public sector program, service, or asset that would normally be provided exclusively by a public sector entity. This paper focuses on PPPs in developed countries, but it also draws on studies of PPPs in developing countries. The economics literature generally defines PPPs as long-term contractual arrangements between a public authority (local or central government) and a private supplier for the delivery of services. The private sector supplier takes responsibility for building infrastructure components, securing financing of the investment, and then managing and maintaining this facility.

However, in addition to those formed through contracts, PPPs may take other forms such as those developed in response to tax subvention or coercion, as in the case of regulatory mandates. A key element of PPP is that the private partner takes on a significant portion of the risk through a schedule of specified remuneration, contingency payments, and provision for dispute resolution. PPPs typically are long-term arrangements and involve large corporations on the private side, but may also be limited to specific phases of a project.

The types of PPPs discussed in this paper exclude arrangements which may result from government mandates such as the statutory emission mandates imposed on automobile manufacturers and industrial facilities (e.g., power plants). It also excludes PPP-like organizations resulting from US section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides tax subsidies for certain public charities, scientific research organizations, and organizations whose goals are to prevent cruelty to animals or erect public monuments at no expense to the government. This paper concludes that an array of Public Choice tools are applicable to understanding the emergence, success, or failure of PPPs. Several short case studies are provided to illustrate the practicalities of PPPs. 

This study aims at exploring the direct impact of positive mental health through 6 factors on quality of life among students with disabilities and diabetes at Saudi universities, as well as the moderating impact of physical fitness on all direct relationships among all variables of the study. Employing a quantitative research methodology, using self-administered surveys distributed to a sample of students with disabilities and diabetes at numerous Saudi Arabian universities. 468 completed surveys were received and subjected to statistical analysis, using PLS-SEM, and the study uncovered significant positive direct relationships between all positive mental health sub factors and quality of life among students. Additionally, the study revealed that physical fitness acts as a moderator in all direct relationships These findings offer valuable insights for universities, in order to develop and implement psychological support and academic adjustments policies ensuring students have access to health and wellness programs, and engage local communities in the creation of policies that can help students with disabilities.

Boredom is a prevalent emotion in foreign language learning, yet it remains relatively under-researched in the field of applied linguistics. A thorough understanding of the current state of boredom research in foreign language learning can not only enrich the theoretical achievements in the study of emotions in language education but also provide practical insights into effective ways to alleviate students’ feelings of boredom. From the perspective of positive psychology, this paper argues that implementing effective teaching strategies to address students’ boredom in foreign language classrooms is essential. Such strategies can stimulate positive emotions in English learning, ultimately fostering students’ enthusiasm for the subject and enhancing their English performance.