China and Mongolia, with rich historical ties, share three main cultural dimensions: nomadic, agricultural, and trade cultures. Nomadic culture in Mongolia, rooted in the plateau, reflects resilience shaped by harsh environments and close ties to animal husbandry. China’s agricultural culture, stemming from river basins, shapes a delicate and introverted character with intensive production methods. The coexistence of nomadic and agricultural cultures fosters communication through exchange and conflict, contributing to human civilization. This rich cultural backdrop adds historical depth to the intricate and complex interactions between China and Mongolia.