With the development of science and information, building an informatized army in a big data environment and building military data science has become the strategic goal of China’s military construction. To realize this goal, it is necessary to obtain the data advantage. As a result, the level of military data science construction has become an important symbol to measure the capacity of military informatization. For this reason, the article puts forward the idea of constructing the basic theoretical framework of military data science from three perspectives in view of the necessity of carrying out the exploration of military data science construction under the big data environment.