Differential equations play a key role in environmental science, providing mathematical tools for understanding environmental processes and predicting change. This study explores in depth the application of differential equations to environmental models, especially in pollutant dispersion, ecosystem dynamics, and climate change prediction. This paper expounds the theoretical basis, modeling method and solving process of differential equation in detail, highlighting its role in revealing the complexity of environmental system. At the same time, the importance of model verification and uncertainty analysis is emphasized. This paper also points out the future development potential of differential equations in interdisciplinary integration and advanced computation, which provides research direction and improvement path for the field of environmental science.