This study investigates the low-velocity impact behavior of jute/epoxy biocomposites with varying fiber volume fractions 10% (JE10), 20% (JE20), and 30% (JE30). Samples were characterized by gradual force decrease and progressive damage mechanisms. All samples exhibited ductile failure behavior. Energy absorption capacity and peak forces decreased with increasing fiber content. JE10 achieved the highest energy absorption of 9.45 J and peak force of 772 N, while the JE30 composite showed the lowest values of 5.41 J and 690 N, respectively. However, the JE30 sample exhibited a faster energy dissipation rate, potentially advantageous for specific applications. Moreover, the study uncovered a complex interplay between impact duration, displacement, and fiber content, with higher fiber content leading to shorter impact durations and improved composite stiffness. These findings highlight the potential for tailoring the biocomposites’ impact response through strategic manipulation of fiber content, potentially opening new avenues for designing eco-friendly materials with optimized impact resistance.