In this time of ambiguity, change, and conflict, integrating teacher leadership into initial teacher education (ITE) programs is crucial. However, complexities exist regarding ITE quality globally and in Vietnam specifically. This study explores the perceptions of different ITE stakeholders in Vietnam towards teacher leadership and factors that impact prospective teachers’ preparedness for teacher leadership based on the Teacher Leadership Model Standards. Using mixed methods, data were collected from surveys with pre-service teachers, in-service teachers, and teacher educators in various universities that offer ITE programs in Vietnam. Statistical analysis was deployed to identify similarities and differences in the perceptions of the three groups of participants, highlighting that while pre-service and in-service teachers share similar viewpoints toward teacher leadership, those of teacher educators are significantly different in some key areas. Furthermore, thematic analysis of qualitative responses from in-service and pre-service teachers was employed to shed light on their beliefs about the importance of teacher leadership and explore how the ITE programs support or hinder pre-service teachers’ preparedness in developing and validating their leadership skills. The findings of this study will have ramifications for the potential to restructure the ITE programs in Vietnam to better prepare the nation’s future leaders for the education system and society as a whole.

This paper addresses the main logistics challenges in used car maritime traffic from Europe to West Africa. Thus, the methodology (quantitative and qualitative) analyses data from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), from 2015 to 2023 of government and port authorities to show the importance of used car market for mobility and socioeconomic activities. This is supplemented by surveys based on direct observation in the field, questionnaires and interviews involving in Europe 55 stakeholders and 127 in Africa. The results demonstrate that cars used and their parts, but not wrecks, are essential for motorization in West Africa. A pre-export process needs to be set up to ensure that exported vehicles are parked in better condition to meet the required common environmental standards for sustainable mobility.

Growing urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa, with its attendant degradation of natural vegetation, is a real scourge. It takes the form of urban sprawl, with its corollary of native vegetation degradation. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of urban sprawl in Brazzaville and the related degradation of the vegetation covering on the urban site. The methodological approach was based on the collection of documentary and field data, as well as the analysis of Landsat satellite images from 2002, 2012 and 2022. The results show a regressive evolution of natural plant formations in favor of urbanization. The area of vegetation cover fell from 17,523 ha in 2002 to 8355.5 ha in 2022, representing a regression rate of 52.32% in 20 years. At the same time, the urban area has grown from 12,164 ha in 2002 to 29,892 ha in 2022, an increase of 145.74%. This deterioration in vegetation cover is reflected in water erosion, resulting in silting-up and flooding of homes and sanitation facilities.

Nowadays, the scale of graduate education in our country has been growing, but the quality of graduate education has not been improved. Therefore, how to effectively improve the quality of postgraduate education has become the most concerned issue in the academic circle and universities, which directly highlights that the internal guarantee mechanism of postgraduate students to improve the quality of postgraduate education has become the focus of academic research, in which tutors are the main influencing factors of postgraduate education quality. The tutor plays a positive and dominant role in stimulating, demonstrating, modeling, guiding and infecting the postgraduate's behavior. This paper analyzes the existing problems in exerting the role of postgraduate tutors, and from the problems, puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions to exert and mobilize the initiative of tutors.

This study investigated the level of satisfaction among consumers of special tea (Monsonia burkeana) in the Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. It sought to identify the factors that influenced this satisfaction. A total of 225 respondents were selected using snowball sampling, and primary data were collected through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse consumer profiles and satisfaction levels, while multinomial logistic regression determined the factors influencing satisfaction across four categories: “Not satisfied at all”, “Satisfied”, “Not sure”, and “Highly satisfied”. The results revealed an average respondent age of 29.95 years and an average annual tea consumption of 4.684 uses, with over 50% of both male and female respondents expressing satisfaction. Regression analysis indicated that market access, cultural influences, income level, and the person introducing the tea significantly influenced dissatisfaction relative to high satisfaction. The income level was the only significant factor distinguishing “Satisfied” from “Highly satisfied”. Gender, age, marital status, and employment type were significant predictors for “Not sure” compared to “Highly satisfied”. These findings highlight the importance of developing the medicinal plant market, promoting cultural education, and implementing sustainable cultivation and conservation practices for Monsonia burkeana. Efforts to improve market access and address income disparities are also necessary to enhance consumer satisfaction and ensure the tea’s continued availability and cultural relevance.