The internationalization of higher education began to take shape during the period of the Republic of China. This trend manifested in various forms and encompassed a rich array of activities, including the construction of teaching staffs, the exchange of international students, and the presence of overseas scholars giving lectures in China. Between 1899 and 1945, Japanese institutions sent nearly 200 academic overseas students to China. With the establishment and improvement of the internal system of universities in the Republic of China, these students were able to study and interact with Chinese scholars. The forms of communication were diverse, the content was rich, and the channels were smooth, making the process lively and interesting with distinct characteristics of the era. Consequently, this group became both participants and witnesses in the internationalization process of universities in the Republic of China. However, the full-scale Anti-Japanese War disrupted the internationalization of universities, causing it to deviate from its normal trajectory. Some Japanese academic overseas students who had previously studied in China became instruments of Japanese imperialism’s cultural invasion and educational colonization. These students played a significant role in promoting the “alternative internationalization” of universities in the Republic of China. In short, examining the involvement of Japanese academic overseas students providing us a unique insight into the general situation and processes of internationalization at universities in the Republic of China during different historical periods.

Mind map is a new way of thinking that visualizes and visualizes radioactive thinking. The application of mind map in teaching is consistent with the expression of "development of thinking ability" in the "Chinese Curriculum Standards". Its concise construction and clear expression can, on the one hand, convey the ideas of language expressors more quickly and quickly, and on the other hand. On the one hand, it can make the language receiver easier and clearer to understand the message the other party wants to convey.This paper analyzes the application rules of mind map in classroom teaching, and expounds the application strategy of mind map in primary Chinese oral communication teaching from three aspects: picture-text combination, picture-introduction, and picture-introduction. The effective development of primary school students' innovative thinking and logical ability promotes the effective improvement of primary school students' oral communication skills.

This study investigates how digital transformation influences visitor satisfaction at 12 World Heritage Sites (WHS) across eight coastal provinces in Eastern and Southern China. Utilizing 402 valid survey responses, it explores the impact of demographic factors—education, age, and income—on visitors’ perceptions of digital services, particularly focusing on usability, quality, and overall experience. The findings reveal that younger, higher-income, and STEM-educated visitors express significantly higher satisfaction with digital services, while older, lower-income visitors report lower levels of engagement and satisfaction. This research highlights the need for tailored digital strategies that cater to diverse demographic groups, ensuring the balance between technological innovation and the preservation of cultural authenticity at heritage sites. The originality of this study lies in its focus on non-Western contexts, particularly China’s rapidly developing coastal regions, which have been largely overlooked in the global discourse on digital tourism. By applying established theoretical frameworks—such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT)—to a non-Western setting, this research fills a crucial gap in the literature. The insights provided offer actionable recommendations for heritage site managers to enhance visitor engagement, adapt digital services to demographic variations, and promote sustainable tourism development.

This study aims to explore the connotation of “Guanxi” within contemporary Chinese marketing channels and to construct and verify a global management model. The objective is to examine how instrumental and emotional dimensions of Guanxi influence enterprise operations and management processes. A hybrid research methodology combining qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed. In-depth interviews with 30 dealer executives provided qualitative insights, while a large-scale survey with 305 valid responses facilitated quantitative analysis. SPSS22.0 and LISREL8.8 were utilized for data analysis, including reliability, validity, hypothesis testing, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that Guanxi is multi-dimensional, comprising both instrumental and emotional components. Instrumental Guanxi includes factors such as status, prestige, credibility, and decision-making power, while emotional Guanxi encompasses trust, emotional connection, and mutual respect. Both dimensions significantly affect professionalism, shared values, contact frequency, and popularity within marketing channels. Hypothesis testing confirmed the significant relationships between these variables, except for the non-significant impact of popularity on instrumental Guanxi. The mediating effects of flexibility and supervision on the relationship between Guanxi and corporate performance were also significant, highlighting the mechanisms through which Guanxi influences organizational outcomes. Moderating effects of perceived internal incentive fairness and digital collaboration capabilities further amplify these relationships. Finaly, the study underscores the dual importance of strategic utility and emotional resonance in Guanxi, providing a robust model for understanding its impact on business management. These insights are valuable for both researchers and practitioners aiming to leverage Guanxi in enhancing organizational performance and relational strategies.