This research aims to analyze the strategic role of the Islamic organizations Muhammadiyah and Al-Washliyah in the electoral dynamics of North Sumatra. The background for this study stems from the significant influence these organizations hold in the social, educational, and political spheres of the region, leveraging their extensive membership base and organizational structure. The urgency of this research arises from the need to understand how religious organizations shape political outcomes, which is crucial for developing more inclusive governance strategies. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology, this study explores how these organizations mobilize support during elections and influence policies through their educational and social programs. Findings reveal that Muhammadiyah and Al-Washliyah effectively utilize mass mobilization and social movement theories to maintain their influence in the political landscape of North Sumatra, subtly navigating and shaping local politics through strategic engagement and advocacy.

This study examines the interplay between eco-friendly behaviour (Eco-FB) at multiple systemic levels, addressing the complexity beyond the scope of single-level models. We propose a comprehensive model incorporating traditional individual, organizational, and relational level concepts and a situational construct exemplified by Bali Island Recognition. This model was tested in Bali Island’s tourism firms through online and offline surveys of 500 tourism-related employees and their gateway communities across Bali Island. The research investigates the differences in pro-environmental conduct between two destinations’ social accountability (DSA) groups categorized as high and low DSA clusters. It further explores how ecological value, green intelligence, DSA, and sustainable travel affect public and private Eco-FB. The findings indicate that green intelligence has a strong positive connection with Eco-FB, and high DSA significantly impacts eco-friendly behaviour. This research enhances our understanding of Eco-FB by presenting a multilevel model incorporating the Bali Island factor, revealing distinctive impact mechanisms for both public and private Eco-FB.

The increasing domains of digital technology in educational settings urgently require digital leadership (DL) to ensure the sustainability of school improvement initiatives in the digital era and to facilitate the digital transformation of educational institutions. DL emerges as an urgent and evolving topic of significant public interest. However, there is a notable lack of consensus persists regarding its definition and constructs within educational settings, hindering the advancement of DL theory. To address this gap, a systematic literature review was conceived, employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The primary aim was to enhance comprehension of the geographical and temporal distribution of relevant publications, as well as to elucidate prevalent definitions and constructs of digital leadership in educational contexts. This article endeavors to synthesize the extant scientific literature on DL, focusing on studies published between 2019 and 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed scientific research publications sourced from Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) databases, available in English, and centered on educational settings. Initial database queries yielded 578 papers, subsequently refined to 35 studies through meticulous screening for duplicity and adherence to inclusion criteria. Notably, the reviewed publications predominantly characterize DL as a multifaceted process, amalgamation, or integration, with a predominant emphasis on functional aspects of leadership. Noteworthy constructs frequently encountered include digital age learning culture, visionary leadership, excellence in professional practice, systemic improvement, and digital citizenship. This review contributes to the enrichment of theoretical conceptualizations surrounding DL. It underscores the imperative for future research to explore into the measurement of DL, thereby presenting promising avenues for evaluating principal DL within educational institutions.

This research aims to identify best practices and policy guidelines that foster sustainable urban ecotourism. As urban areas continue to expand, integrating ecotourism into urban planning emerges as a critical approach to sustainable development. This paper compares the policies and practices of urban ecotourism development in Thailand and China, aiming to construct a sustainable framework applicable to urban ecotourism development. Employing a comparative literature review, this research synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed journals, governmental reports, and case studies published between 2000 and 2024. The analysis focuses on the policies and practices adopted by Thailand and China to promote urban ecotourism, examining their effectiveness, challenges, and outcomes. The review shows distinct approaches in the two countries, with Thailand emphasizing community-based practices and stakeholder involvement and China primarily focusing on top-down policy initiatives for urban ecotourism development. Despite differing strategies, both countries demonstrate a commitment to integrating ecotourism into urban development plans. From the environmental, socio-cultural, and economic three dimensions, key successes include enhanced biodiversity conservation, increased local community participation, and improved tourist satisfaction. Challenges such as inadequate policy implementation, environmental degradation, and the sustainability of ecotourism practices are also discussed. The conclusion is that a holistic approach to urban ecotourism development that aligns policy and practice with the principles of sustainability is meaningful. The proposed framework offers actionable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and ecotourism practitioners aiming to use the potential of ecotourism as a tool for sustainable urban development in Thailand, China, and beyond.