This study analyses the long-run relationship between, and the direction and magnitude of impact of sectoral economic growth and fiscal capacity on government health expenditure. The study was carried out to validates the Wagner hypothesis from sectoral perspective and revenue-expenditure hypothesis for South Africa for the period 1984–2020. Fully modified least squares and dynamic least squares and canonical cointegration regression were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Empirical regression results showed that there is a negative impact of the secondary sector GDP on public health expenditure. Thus, invalidating the Wagner hypothesis and suggesting that secondary sector GDP cannot serves as an answer for public health expenditure. However, there was a positive relationship between tertiary sector GDP and public health expenditure. The study make case for unceasing provision of an enabling environment that continuously support growth of the tertiary sector.

Traditional shipping plays a crucial role in the national sea transportation system, serving inland areas, remote areas, and outer islands that are widely distributed throughout the country. However, there is still limited research on the problems of traditional shipping empowerment and its implementation. This research aims not only to analyze the obstacles encountered in empowering traditional shipping but also the implementation of the traditional shipping grant program. This study employed a quantitative descriptive approach, utilizing a likert scale, to analyze the issues that arise in the empowerment of traditional shipping. Additionally, for policy implementation analysis, the Hellmut-Wollmann policy analysis was used. The findings indicate that the most significant issues arise in the area of human resource development, such as a lack of competent teaching staff, insufficient short courses, complicated testing procedures, and the lack of crew certification. In the ex-ante stage, the variable of empowering traditional shipping transportation programs experienced the highest implementation rate. During the ongoing stage, the variable empowering traditional shipping services achieved the highest implementation score. And in the ex-post stage, traditional shipping services had the highest implementation score. This paper emphasizes the significance of collaboration and coordination among all levels of government, from the central to the local, in order to effectively implement the traditional shipping empowerment program. These findings also highlight the necessity of extending the traditional shipping grant program while making improvements in areas such as ship safety management regulations, the management and supply of traditional shipping terminals, the division of transportation types, and route determination policies.

This paper, with its focus on national legislative regulations that have come into force and governments developed policies designed to clear away numerous problems regarding women’s employment has a threefold contribution to the existing literature. First, it summarizes the salient features of the new legislation and administrative measures adopted by the government of Turkyie, with special reference to Bursa Yıldırım Municipality. Second, we draw attention to the increasing recognition of the valuable potential of females in the workplace. Over recent decades and the implications for the central administration but also the private sector, local administration and voluntary agencies. Third, policy syndromes about livelihoods, and hardship alleviation policies, are examined and policy implications are discussed. This paper does not aim to provide definitive answers, yet intends to scrutinize the data and re-examine the trends in the light of key drivers such as economics, demographics, and urbanization. This was done mainly by reviewing the literature government reports and statistical data but was augmented by our fieldwork. There is an attempt to reach a conclusion about recent developments and make suggestions about countermeasures that could be implemented.

The focus of this research is the task of assistance from the government in improving agriculture in the region and analyzing the obstacles that occur. However, there has been a decrease in the number of assistance tasks given by the central government to the local government of Rokan Hulu, Riau Province, Indonesia in 2022. This study aims to evaluate and find out the obstacles to the implementation of assistance tasks in Rokan Hulu Regency in 2022. This study uses a qualitative method with an exploratory type and is analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The results of this study show that the Rokan Hulu regional government only gets one implementation of assistance tasks, namely from the Ministry of Agriculture through the Director General of Infrastructure and the Director General of Food Crops whose performance achievements have been maximized. The findings in this study are that in its implementation there are obstacles, one of which is the relatively short period of implementation of assistance tasks, making it difficult to implement assistance tasks by regional apparatus organizations as recipients of assistance tasks. The conclusion in this study is that the implementation of assistance tasks there is one assistance task received from the Ministry of Finance whose implementation in the region is carried out by the Food Crops and Horticulture Service. This research contributes to the government of Rokan Hulu, Indonesia, namely as a basis for policymaking, especially in the use of the budget for assistance tasks.

This study aims to explore the urban resilience strategies and public service innovations approaches adopted by the Shanghai Government in response to COVID-19 pandemic. The study utilized a combination of primary and secondary data sources, such as government reports, policy documents, and interviews with important individuals involved in the matter. The current research focused on qualitative data and examined the different aspects resilience, including infrastructure, economy, society, ecology, and organizations. The findings indicate that infrastructure resilience plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability and dependability of essential public facilities, achieved through online education and intelligent transportation systems. Implementing rigorous waste management and pollution control measures with a focus on ecological resilience has significantly promoted environmentally sustainable development. Shanghai city has achieved economic resilience by stabilizing its finances and providing support to businesses through investments in research, technology and education. Shanghai city has enhanced its organizational resilience by fostering collaboration across several sectors, bolstering emergency management tactics and enhancing policy execution.

considering the rate of the currency channel, this study aims to analyze the effect of government foreign debt on labour demand in Indonesia. The Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is used to quantify the exchange rate, while estimates of the labour force participation rate characterize labour demand. this study expands upon the cobb-Douglass production function by including public debt as an integral element of the statistical model. The current study examines time series data from 1994 to 2022 and uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for estimation. in conclusion, the results suggest that an increase in government external debt would result in a decline in labour demand, especially during economic shock associated with an expansion of the government deficit. Moreover, the Real Effective Exchange Rate has a beneficial long-term impact on labour demand. enhancing the purchasing power and stimulating investment through the appreciation of the domestic currency against foreign currencies will consequently increase economic productivity.