A serious problem in the workplace is incivility, which impacts especially vulnerable groups like single mothers who hold jobs and experience subtle unfair or damaging treatment. As the number of single working mothers continues to rise in today’s workforce, this study aims to clarify third-party perceptions about incivility against them at work and subsequent influences on individuals as well as the organization. Because the analysis is embedded in theories of social role expectations and organizational justice, it explores third-party observers’ perceptions (such as coworkers or supervisors) of whether incivility directed at single working mothers differs from that experienced by their comparison group—professionally equivalent peers who do not share equal caregiver responsibilities. The researchers employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative surveys and in-depth qualitative interviews to collect rich data from participants who represented several fields. They report their results that third-party observers are less likely to experience vicarious justification of incivility against single working mothers but may be equally unlikely or even more reluctant than in the case of other employees and furthermore find this data account for these differences. The results illustrate the intricate interplay of gender, family structure and work dynamics on workplace outcomes—all leading to lower job satisfaction rates, a high level of stress or even stagnation in career progression for single working mothers. Our findings also extend the workplace incivility literature by demonstrating ways in which single working mothers are particularly vulnerable to this form of mistreatment and a broader need for organizational policies that cultivate an inclusive, supportive environment. Implications for human resource management, organizational culture and policy based on these findings are discussed as it may provide some recommendations for handling incivility in the workplace environment.

This article explores the development and legislative process of concession agreements within the framework of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the EU, tracing their origins to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. Driven by national policies, the Ministry of Finance in China has promoted PPPs in infrastructure and public services. This study focuses on the basic principles, legal nature, and general rules of EU concession agreements, aiming to provide legal strategies for Chinese franchising agreement legislation by drawing on the EU’s legislative experiences.

The research aims to examine the determinants influencing the business commitment toward sustainable goals in Vietnam. To employ a quantitative research approach, we surveyed 208 business leaders in Vietnam to assess their perceptions and actions regarding sustainable goals. We explored the impact of internal enterprise characteristics and external facilitating factors on different dimensions of sustainable goals by using logistic regression models. This paper’s findings reveal that enterprise attributes, corporate leadership traits, and external factors significantly influence sustainable goal engagement. Notably, corporate leaders emerge as pivotal factors, particularly in their willingness to embrace risks and uncertainties. Moreover, this paper’s analysis identifies external factors with limited efficacy in fostering sustainable business operations. These insights hold significant implications for governmental institutions in Vietnam, offering valuable guidance for updating and refining policies.

This article aims to explain the principles of the leadership styles of madrasah heads in enhancing the quality of Islamic education in Lhokseumawe City. It turns out that the leadership of madrasah heads has a significant impact on the functioning of the madrasah leadership. The madrasah head plays a direct role in developing Islamic educational institutions through leadership characteristics, leader types, leader functions, and leader activities during their tenure as madrasah heads. A quantitative research method with a phenomenological approach is considered capable of addressing various issues in the research problem formulation. It simultaneously analyzes data obtained from observations, interviews, and in-depth documentation to find answers to the research problem. The research findings reveal that the leadership styles of madrasah heads can be divided into two categories: democratic leadership style and autocratic leadership style. The first principle of leadership style involves giving responsibilities and authority to all parties, encouraging active involvement in the organization. Members are given opportunities to provide suggestions, recommendations, and criticisms for the progress of the organization. The second principle, the autocratic leadership style, positions a leader as the source of policies.

This research study was undertaken to complete a comparative study of the seminal work conducted by Anderson and Ruderman on procedural and distributive justice systems versus unionization. This research was conducted in 2023. The main focus of this research effort was to determine if current U.S. organizations were utilizing any form of justice system in protecting employees’ rights and providing processes that would prevent employees from having a desire to join a union for its protections. Parts of the original survey used by Anderson and Ruderman were used in this study to address the research questions and hypotheses posed for this study. A statistical analysis of the data was conducted, and the results indicated employees have a need for protection in their employment relationship. It is suggested that procedural and distributive justice systems be implemented as an alternative to unionization of employees to meet these employee protections.

With the development of material life, the importance of plants in life has become increasingly prominent, and indoor flowers are also popular. As we all know, plants have purified air, refreshing brainwashing, promote sleep, sterilization and other effects, such as mint, Clivia, aloe and so on. Therefore, the choice of plants corresponding to their own needs is particularly important, while to note that some flowers should not be placed indoors. And different flowers on the water, temperature, light, soil and other requirements are not the same.