The border is a strategic area within the Republic of Indonesia because it has potential natural resources and market opportunities and is related to aspects of sovereignty, defense and security. The division of the Papua region based on astronomical lines causes the traditional region, inhabited by tribes with the same spiritual-culture, to be divided into two countries. The Kanum tribe, who live in the border region of PNG and Indonesia, have close kinship relations. This research aims to analyze the social interactions of cross-border communities, especially the interdependence of the Kanum Tribe in Sota, Merauke Regency, with Papua New Guinea. The research used social interaction theory and interdependence theory, as well as qualitative descriptive methods by interviewing 15 informants. The research results support Polanyi’s statement but refute Omolomo’s, confirm positive competition, and eliminate indicators of conflict in the social interactions of the Kanum Tribe. The main problem found was unclear population data for the Kanum community who live in PNG but receive facilities from Indonesia. The dominant inhibiting factor comes from the PNG border condition, and the dominant supporting factor comes from the Sota border conditions (geography, infrastructure, economics and government policy). However, the condition that is equally a during factor in the conditions of the PNG and Sota borders is culture.

Students from different cultures possess varying levels of skills in learning, remembering, and understanding concepts. Some terms and their explanations may seem easy for one group of students but difficult for another. Therefore, delivering educational content that aligns with student’s learning capabilities is a challenging task based on cultural orientations. This study addresses the learning challenges by developing a Thesaurus Glossary E-learning (TGE) framework method. This study introduces the TGE method which is a multi-language tool with visual associations that adapts to students’ capabilities. It also examines cultural differences and native languages, particularly aiding Arab Native to visualize appropriate terms (thesaurus) and their explanations (glossary) based on students’ learning capabilities. TGE learns from students’ term selection behavior and displays terms at a simple or advanced level that matches their learning ability. Additionally, TGE demonstrated its effectiveness as an e-learning tool, accessible to all students anytime and anywhere. The study analyzed 314 records related to student performance, out of which 114 students were surveyed to evaluate the effectiveness of the TGE method. This work presents TGE as a novel e-learning tool designed to enhance conceptual thinking within the context of modern educational practices during the digital transformation. TGE is based on artificial intelligence algorithms and associative rules that simulate the human brain, establishing logical connections between related key terms and sketching associations among diverse facets of a situation. An experiment was conducted at a private university in the Sultanate of Oman to assess the effectiveness of the proposed TGE tool. TGE was integrated with selected subjects in information systems and used by the students as a resource for e-learning methods and materials. The results show that 85% of students who used TGE improved their performance by 19%. We believe this work could establish a new smart e-learning teaching method and attract modern and digital universities to enhance student learning outcomes linked with conceptual thinking.

The utilization of digital tools in agricultural extension has facilitated information delivery through non-face-to-face interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to map the variation in digital tools used by agricultural extension workers to access and deliver information and analyse the outcomes of farmers’ adoption. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with agricultural extension workers at 11 Agricultural Extension Centers. The data were processed using the N-Vivo qualitative data analysis software. The results showed that extension workers combined various digital tools as sources of extension materials and channels for delivering information to farmers. Although social interaction between agricultural extension workers and farmers occurred non-face-to-face, messages could be adopted by farmers and yield tangible outcomes. This was reflected in the asynchronous communication, allowing extension workers sufficient time to improve the quality of the delivered messages. Farmers also had sufficient time to review the received information content in this context repeatedly. These results implied that although extension content is delivered through non-face-to-face interaction, it can still drive adoption with significant outcomes.

Atomic interaction between mediator protein of human prostate cancer (PHPC) and Fe/C720 Buckyballs-Statin is important for medical science. For the first time, we use molecular dynamics (MD) approach based on Newton’s formalism to describe the destruction of PHPC via Fe/C720 Buckyballs-Statin with atomic accuracy. In this work, the atomic interaction of PHPC and Fe/C720 Buckyballs-Statin introduced via equilibrium molecular dynamics approach. In this method, each PHPC and Fe/C720 Buckyballs-Statin is defined by C, H, Cl, N, O, P, S, and Fe elements and contrived by universal force field (UFF) and DREIDING force-field to introduce their time evolution. The results of our studies regarding the dynamical behavior of these atom-base compounds have been reported by calculating the Potential energy, center of mass (COM) position, diffusion ratio and volume of defined systems. The estimated values for these quantities show the attraction force between Buckyball-based structure and protein sample, which COM distance of these samples changes from 10.27 Å to 2.96 Å after 10 ns. Physically, these interactions causing the destruction of the PHPC. Numerically, the volume of this biostructure enlarged from 665,276 Å3 to 737,143 Å3 by MD time passing. This finding reported for the first time which can be considered by the pharmaceutical industry. Simulations indicated the volume of the PHPC increases by Fe/C720 Buckyballs-Statin diffusion into this compound. By enlarging this quantity (diffusion coefficient), the atomic stability of PHPC decreases and protein destruction procedure fulfilled.

The objective of this research is to examine the effects of income inequality, governance quality, and their interaction on environmental quality in Asian countries. Time series data are obtained from 45 Asian countries for the period 1996–2020 for this empirical analysis. The research has performed various econometric tests to ensure the robustness and reliability of the results. We have addressed different econometric issues, such as autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and cross-sectional dependence, using the Driscoll-Kraay (DK) standard error estimation and endogeneity issues by the system generalized method of moments (S-GMM). The results of the study revealed that income inequality and governance quality have a positive impact on environmental degradation, while the interaction of governance quality with income inequality has a negative effect on it. In addition, economic growth, population growth, urbanization, and natural resource dependency are found to deteriorate the quality of the environment. The findings of the study offer insightful policies to reduce environmental degradation in Asian countries.