This study examines consumer attitudes toward cryptocurrencies in Slovakia, focusing on the perceived adequacy of their promotion and the influence of demographic factors such as education, gender, and age. The findings reveal that a significant majority of respondents view cryptocurrency promotion as insufficient, with 77.77% expressing dissatisfaction. Demographic factors were found to have minimal impact on attitudes, suggesting that universal barriers—such as trust, technological literacy, and perceived risks—play a more critical role. Social media emerged as a key platform for engaging consumers, particularly younger demographics, provided that campaigns are well-targeted and informative. These results highlight the need for innovative promotional strategies emphasizing transparency, education, and trust-building to bridge the gap between cryptocurrencies and broader consumer adoption. The study contributes to the growing literature on cryptocurrency marketing by providing actionable insights for addressing challenges in emerging markets like Slovakia.

In the process of English learning, primary school English is an important period of enlightenment. However, teachers’ old-fashioned teaching methods and obscure teaching contents make primary school students less interested in learning English, which will affect students’ entire English learning career. Under this educational background, the education department should analyze the existing problems in English teaching methods, teaching contents and teaching concepts based on the current situation of English teaching in primary schools, aiming to improve the interest of English teaching in primary schools through effective strategies.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between financial resilience, exchange rate, inflation, and economic growth from 1996 to 2022 using secondary data from the World Bank. The analysis method uses vector autoregressive to understand the causality dynamics between these variables. The results show that past economic growth positively impacts current economic conditions, but an increase in the exchange rate can hinder economic growth. The exchange rate also tends to be influenced by previous values, but high economic growth does not always increase the exchange rate. Previous conditions significantly affect financial resilience and can be strengthened by a strong currency. Meanwhile, inflation has an inverse relationship with economic growth, where past inflation seems to suppress current inflation, which price stabilization policies can cause. From an institutional economics perspective, this study provides an understanding of the interaction between various economic factors in the structural framework and policies that regulate economic activities. The impulse response function (IRF) shows that economic growth can react strongly to sudden changes, although this reaction may not last long. The exchange rate fluctuates with economic changes, reflecting market optimism and uncertainty. Financial resilience may be strong initially but may weaken over time, indicating the need for policies to strengthen the financial system to ensure economic stability. Furthermore, the role of social capital in economic resilience is highlighted as it can amplify the positive effects of a robust institutional framework by fostering trust and collaboration among economic actors. Inflation reacts differently to economic changes, challenging policymakers to balance growth and price stability. Overall, the IRF provides insights into how economic variables interact with each other and react to sudden changes, albeit with some uncertainty in the estimates. The forecast error decomposition variance (FEVD) analysis in this study reveals that internal factors initially influence economic growth, but over time, external factors such as the exchange rate, financial resilience, and inflation come into play. The exchange rate, which was initially volatile due to internal factors, becomes increasingly influenced by economic growth, indicating a close relationship between the economy and the foreign exchange market. From an institutional economics perspective, financial resilience, which was initially stable due to internal factors, becomes increasingly dependent on global economic conditions, suggesting the importance of a solid institutional framework for maintaining economic stability. In addition, inflation, which was initially explained by economic growth and exchange rates, has gradually become more influenced by financial resilience, indicating the importance of effective monetary policy in controlling inflation. This study highlights the importance of understanding how economic variables influence each other for effective economic governance. Integrating institutional economics and social capital perspectives provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing financial resilience and promoting sustainable economic development in Indonesia.

In the process of teaching and learning at any stage, the important role of interest guidance cannot be ignored. Especially in college mathematics teaching, mathematical knowledge is very complex and abstract, and most students are unable to effectively understand and master it during the learning process. So it is even more important to fully stimulate students' interest in learning. This article analyzes the significance and current situation of stimulating students' learning interest in university mathematics teaching, and conducts effective strategy analysis. In order to effectively awaken students' desire for knowledge, guide students to change from passive learning to active learning, so that students can continue to grow and progress in this process.

To fight inflation, European Central Bank (ECB) announced 10 successive interest rate hikes, starting on 27 July 2022, igniting an unprecedented widening of interest rate spreads in the euro area (ΕΑ). Greek banks, however, recorded among the highest interest rate spreads, far exceeding ΕΑ median and weighted average. Indeed, we document a strong asymmetric response of Greek banks to ECB interest rate hikes, with loan interest rates rising immediately, whilst deposit interest rates remained initially unchanged and then rose sluggishly. As a result, the interest rate spread hit one historical record after another. Greek systemic banks, probably taking advantage of the high concentration and low competition in the domestic sector benefited from key ECB interest rate hikes, recording gigantic increases in net interest income (NII), and consequently, substantial profits (almost €7.4 billion in the 2022–2023 biennium). Such excessive accumulation of profits (that deteriorates the living conditions of consumers) by the banking system could be called the inflation of “banking greed”, or bankflation. This new source of inflation created by the oligopolistic structure of the Greek banking sector counterworks the very reason for ECB interest rate increases and requires certain policy analysis recommendations in coping with it.

In modern society, English, as an important language, is an indispensable tool for people to communicate and exchange. However, learning English is not limited to knowledge points, grammar and other aspects. With the development and progress of the times and the rapid improvement of the level of science and technology, the problem of how to cultivate students' interests has become increasingly prominent. Interest is the best teacher to learn, and it is also the most effective, direct and lasting way for students to learn English well and improve their level and ability. Cultivating good teaching habits can help us master knowledge and skills better. Starting from the importance of students' interest in learning, this paper discusses how to stimulate students' interest in learning and find the correct teaching methods in order to help students have a strong interest in English learning in class and help them acquire knowledge actively.