Objective: As the scale and importance of official development assistance (ODA) continue to grow, the need to enhance the effectiveness of ODA policies has become more critical than ever before. In this context, it is essential to systematically classify recipient countries and establish tailored ODA policies based on these classifications. The objective of this study is to identify an appropriate methodology for categorizing developing countries using specific criteria, and to apply it to actual data, providing valuable insights for donor countries in formulating future ODA policies. Design/Methodology/Approach: The data used in this study are the basic statistics on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) published annually in the SDGs Report. The analytical method employed is decision tree analysis. Results: The results indicate that the 167 countries analyzed were classified into 10 distinct nodes. The study further limited the scope to the five nodes representing the most disadvantaged developing countries and suggested future directions for aid policies for each of these nodes.

Objectives: This study aims to examine the impact of Sun Tzu’s Art of War Five Virtues Leadership on innovation and the efficiency of the Chinese brand passenger vehicle industry, explore the role of innovation in enhancing industry efficiency, and propose strategies for leveraging the Five Virtues Leadership to improve operational performance and competitiveness in the sector. Methodology: A mixed research method using quantitative research (questionnaire survey) as the main method and qualitative research (in-depth interview) as the auxiliary method. Result: Quantitative and qualitative research results confirm the positive correlation between the Five Virtues Leadership, innovation, and the efficiency of Chinese brand passenger vehicle companies. And through effective data analysis, it explains the importance of the five virtues of leadership in traditional Chinese culture. Further understanding of the effectiveness and competitiveness of China’s passenger car brands, with leadership references. Conclusion: Five Virtues Leadership can foster a favorable environment for innovation, enhance time utilization, optimize resource allocation, and strengthen brand image. By developing and validating a measurement for Five Virtues Leadership, this study enhances the understanding of its role and significance in modern management, paving the way for future research.

By carrying out a laboratory experiment, the influence of priming methods, including ZnSO4, BSN, and hydropriming was evaluated on the seed germination of hybrid AS71 corn. Then, the main and interaction effects of the priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels were surveyed on the vegetative growth traits, yield, and yield components of corn in a field experiment. Based on the lab experiment, although the maximum germination percentage (100%) was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming 22 h after treatment (HAT), the greatest seedling vigor index (122.99) was recorded with treated seeds by ZnSO4 (0.03 mg L–1) at 8 HAT. The greatest emergence index was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming on both planting dates of June 1 and 11. The interaction of planting dates and weed interference levels revealed that the highest emergence index (14%–17%) occurred in the weed-free plots on both planting dates. BSN recorded the greatest corn 1000-grain weight that was significantly higher than the control plots by 28%. Furthermore, BSN enhanced the corn grain yield compared with the control plots by 63% and 24.9% on the planting dates of June 1 and 11, respectively. BSN, as a nutri-priming approach, by displaying the highest positive effects in boosting the corn grain yield in both weedy and weed-free plots as well as both planting dates, could be a recommendable option for growers to improve the crop yield production.

Fe3+-doped nano-TiO2 powders were prepared by sol-gel method. The photocatalytic activity of Fe3+-doped TiO2 nanoparticles was studied by using UV lamp as light source and methylene blue as degradation target. The photocatalytic activity of Fe3+-doped TiO2 was studied by degradation of 4L methylene blue solution with initial concentration of 10mg · L - 1. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 can be improved by the addition of Fe3+. When the molar ratio of Fe3+ is 0.5-1%, the calcination temperature is 500 ℃. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue is the best.

An image adaptive noise reduction enhancement algorithm based on NSCT is proposed to perform image restoration preprocessing on the defocused image obtained under the microscope. Defocused images acquired under micro-nano scale optical microscopy, usually with inconspicuous details, edges and contours, affect the accuracy of subsequent observation tasks. Due to its multi-scale and multi-directionality, the NSCT transform has superior transform functions and can obtain more textures and edges of images. Combined with the characteristics of micro-nanoscale optical defocus images, the NSCT inverse transform is performed on all sub-bands to reconstruct the image. Finally, the experimental results of the standard 500 nm scale grid, conductive probe and triangular probe show that the proposed algorithm has a better image enhancement effect and significantly improves the quality of out-of-focus images.