Identify and diagnosis of homogenous units and separating them and eventually planning separately for each unit are considered the most principled way to manage units of forests and creating these trustable maps of forest’s types, plays important role in making optimum decisions for managing forest ecosystems in wide areas. Field method of circulation forest and Parcel explore to determine type of forest require to spend cost and much time. In recent years, providing these maps by using digital classification of remote sensing’s data has been noticed. The important tip to create these units is scale of map. To manage more accurate, it needs larger scale and more accurate maps. Purpose of this research is comparing observed classification of methods to recognize and determine type of forest by using data of Land Cover of Modis satellite with 1 kilometer resolution and on images of OLI sensor of LANDSAT satellite with 30 kilometers resolution by using vegetation indicators and also timely PCA and to create larger scale, better and more accurate resolution maps of homogenous units of forest. Eventually by using of verification, the best method was obtained to classify forest in Golestan province’s forest located on north-east of country.

The process of internationalization and innovation (IPI) in the urban road passenger transport (URPT) sector is driven by the need to provide cities with efficient and sustainable mobility solutions. The objective of this study is to understand the perceptions of URPT employees in relation to PII, based on a comprehensive case study. By exploring how these two concepts interrelate and influence each other, the study seeks to provide valuable information that can help improve strategic planning and policy formulation in the urban transport sector. The research, based on semi-structured interviews with 20 employees, reveals significant gaps in internal communication, with only about half of the participants aware of ongoing national and international projects. Information was often limited to those directly involved, indicating a need for improved dissemination strategies. Despite these communication issues, employees positively view the company’s presence at international events and recognize the importance of involvement in European organizations, particularly for knowledge acquisition and networking. Challenges identified include inadequate internal communication and insufficient investment in international projects. However, there was strong agreement on the value of internationalization and innovation process (IIP) for both professional development and organizational growth. To enhance the company’s international presence and return on investment (ROI), the study recommends better coordination, improved information sharing, and strategic planning. These findings emphasize the critical role of effective communication and active participation in international initiatives for the sustainable growth of the organization.

The economic viability of a photovoltaic (PV) installation depends on regulations regarding administrative, technical and economic conditions associated with self-consumption and the sale of surplus production. Royal Decree (RD) 244/2019 is the Spanish legislation of reference for this case study, in which we analyse and compare PV installation offers by key suppliers. The proposals are not optimal in RD 244/2019 terms and appear not to fully contemplate power generation losses and seem to shift a representative percentage of consumption to the production period. In our case study of a residential dwelling, the best option corresponds to a 5 kWp installation with surplus sale to the market, with a payback period of 18 years and CO₂ emission reductions of 1026 kg/year. Demand-side management offers a potential improvement of 6%–21.8%. Based on the increase in electricity prices since 2020, the best option offers savings of up to €1507.74 and amortization in 4.24 years. Considering costs and savings, sale to the market could be considered as the only feasible regulatory mechanism for managing surpluses, accompanied by measures to facilitate administrative procedures and guarantees for end users.