Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and energy storage systems, offer many benefits, including increased energy efficiency, sustainability, and grid reliability. However, their integration into the smart grid also introduces new vulnerabilities to cyber threats. The smart grid is becoming more digitalized, with advanced technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) devices, communication networks, and automation systems that enable the integration of DER systems. While this enhances grid efficiency and control, it creates more entry points for attackers and thus expands the attack surface for potential cyber threats. Protecting DERs from cyberattacks is crucial to maintaining the overall reliability, security, and privacy of the smart grid. The adopted cybersecurity strategies should not only address current threats but also anticipate future dangers. This requires ongoing risk assessments, staying updated on emerging threats, and being prepared to adapt cybersecurity measures accordingly. This paper highlights some critical points regarding the importance of cybersecurity for Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and the evolving landscape of the smart grid. This research study shows that there is need for a proactive and adaptable cybersecurity approach that encompasses prevention, detection, response, and recovery to safeguard these critical energy systems against cyber threats, both today and in the future. This work serves as a valuable tool in enhancing the cybersecurity posture of utilities and grid-connected DER owners and operators. It allows them to make informed decisions, protect critical infrastructure, and ensure the reliability and security of grid-connected DER systems in an evolving energy landscape.
The objective of this research paper is to investigate potential avenues for value creation in the refined sugar market for domestic use, a market currently facing a critical juncture. The growing concerns about the health impacts of sugar have resulted in a notable decline in demand. Furthermore, changes in European Union regulations have introduced additional operators into the Spanish market, increasing competition and amplifying the need for innovation. This study examines how brands can respond to these challenges by enhancing their value proposition through market segmentation, targeted marketing strategies, and adaptive packaging solutions. To achieve this objective, we have conducted market research, which involved an in-depth interview, and a questionnaire distributed to 402 individuals responsible for household purchases. The findings suggest potential approaches for addressing the needs of consumers with a focus on health and well-being, while simultaneously enhancing the durability of products, thus facilitating greater brand differentiation. Furthermore, the study underscores the pivotal role of public policies and regulatory frameworks in influencing consumer behavior and market dynamics. Policies promoting sugar alternatives, labelling requirements, and packaging innovations have been demonstrated to impact brand strategies and consumer preferences. By aligning with these policy-driven shifts, companies can enhance their positioning in a mature and competitive market. This research contributes to the existing literature on brand value in commodity markets by integrating insights into the impact of regulation and consumer segmentation. Our recommendations emphasize the importance of marketing strategies that are informed by an understanding of the policy context, which not only enhances brand equity but also promotes sustainable growth in the retail sugar industry.
Over the last few decades, countries in the South have been undergoing rapid urbanization, as if to make up for lost time. Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a very low urbanization rate compared to0 the rest of the world. Although the African continent reached its urban transition in 2015, Niger remains by far the least urbanized country, with a rate of 17%. The city of Niamey is the main urban center, with an estimated population of 1,449,801 hbts in 2023, spread over an area of around 33,100 ha. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial expansion of the city of Niamey from 1984 to 2023. The main data used in this study are raster images from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), vector data from Open Sources Map (OSM) and GoogleEarth, secondary data from the National Institute of Statistics (INS) and field observation. This study enabled us to conclude that between 1984 and 2023, the city of Niamey underwent very strong spatial expansion. The city grew from 4,690 ha to 33,100 ha, i.e. 28,410 ha absorbed in 39 years, with exceptional growth between 2014 and 2023, when the urban area doubled. Its population has risen from 397,437 at the time of the 1988 general population and housing census to an estimated 1,449,801 in 2023 (INS), an increase of 1,052,364 in 35 years. Between these two dates, population density fell from 87.7 to 43.8 inhabitants/km2, i.e. half that of 1984. This spatial expansion has resulted in unprecedented peri-urbanization.
Efficient access to tourist spots is necessary for enhancing the overall travel experience, especially in urban environments. This study investigates the accessibility of key tourist spots in Budapest through different transportation modes (e.g., walking, cycling, and public transport) across various time intervals. Using spatial-temporal travel time maps and detailed statistical analysis, the research highlighted significant differences in how these modes connect tourists to their attractions. Cycling stands out as the most efficient transportation option, providing rapid access to a wide range of tourist spots, while public transport ranks second. However, the study also reveals disparities in accessibility, with central areas being well-served, while outer ones, especially in the northwest, remain less accessible. These findings highlight the need for targeted transportation improvements to ensure that all areas of the city are equally reachable. The results offer valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers aiming to enhance tourism infrastructure and improve the visitor experience in Budapest.
