The purpose of the article is the analysis of the constitutional regime in the Republic of Poland, the study of democratic and authoritarian tendencies. The article is devoted to the coverage of one of the most pressing issues, namely the constitutional principles of Polish democracy, which play an important role in determining the political system and functioning of the State. They establish the basic principles of a democratic system, protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, and determine the relationship between the Government and the people. Poland, as a democratic republic, has its own constitutional principles, ensuring the stability of the political system and the development of democracy in the country. The article analyzes the constitutional principles in the doctrine of constitutional law and constitutional practice of Poland, examines their nature and significance for the supremacy of the Constitution and the development of the legal system. Authoritarian tendencies are covered as well. It is determined that nowadays there is a tense interaction between democratic principles and tendencies towards authoritarianism in the Republic of Poland. This situation is reflected in political actions, legislative changes and Government actions that can contribute to the undermining of democratic institutions and values.

Objective: This research analyzed the psychometric properties of the Ambivalent Classism Inventory (ICA) in Peru. Methodology: A critical review of literature related to poverty, inequality, and structural gaps was conducted, involving 882 participants aged 14 to 89 years (M = 24.61, SD = 9.07). Results: Exploratory-confirmatory factor analyses were satisfactory, finding a similar factorial structure to the original scale and the adaptation (hostile classism, protective paternalism, and complementary class differentiation). Regarding items, there was a reduction, leaving only 12; however, comparing alternative models, the three-factor structure with 12 reagents showed adequate fit (χ² = 214.588, df = 51, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.996; RMSEA = 0.060; SRMR = 0.033), allowing for invariance testing. Practical Implications: The scale allows for investigating attitude profiles of individuals with privileged social class. Contribution: The instrument is a valuable contribution, considering that the nation has a high poverty rate, leading to economic, political, and social inequality among the population.

PPGIS platforms have been widely used to map social actors since the emergence of open access webGIS platforms. This identification of citizen initiatives is based on the physical location, but is rarely combined with social networking. This research seeks to close that gap by using the platIC web-based mapping tool for citizen initiatives, together with their interrelationships. Therefore, a methodical procedure has been defined to construct a geolocalised graph by identifying and categorising linked nodes. Method steps have been tested in three case studies in the Malaga region: Malaga city, Benalmadena, and Valle del Genal. They were selected for a comparative analysis in three different urban and socio-economic scenarios, namely: a tourist destination with a high density of Spanish population and floating city users; a sun-and-beach destination with a significant presence of resident foreign population; and a rural area suffering from depopulation, respectively. Mapping reveals a higher density of citizen initiatives in central urban areas and with social conflicts. Social graphs show a wider interconnection of nodes in rural areas, but isolated nodes are spread more widely there. Monitoring active citizen initiatives could serve as a basis for local administration to involve the citizenry in the management of current issues in the urban and rural context. Future research may promote new plugins to improve participatory process through webGIS platforms.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of social responsibility programs. More specifically, it seeks to identify the extent to which health institutions use social responsibility programs and to clarify the extent to which social responsibility programs succeed in achieving the goals of health institutions. The study sought to provide answers to the following questions: To what extent do health institutions use social responsibility programs? To what extent have social responsibility programs succeeded in achieving the goals of health institutions? The study used the descriptive analytical method, relying on the survey method. The study concluded with many results, the most important of which were the following: the effectiveness of social responsibility programs in marketing health services at the educational and age levels and the role of social media in marketing health services. The study recommended the necessity of providing an awareness dimension to marketing health services, with increasing training opportunities for workers in public relations departments in hospitals and health institutions to market health services, in addition to the necessity of conducting relevant research, studies, and surveys. Identify the activities that will help those working in the public relations department in health facilities with regard to identifying basic and influential needs and activities in directing successful health campaigns.