In the current work, it was investigated to the K X-ray fluorescence efficiency and chemical effect on vacancy transfer probability for some tin compounds. We used Br₂Tin, TinI₂, SeTin, TinF₂, TinSO₄, TinCl₂, TinO and TinS compounds for experimental study. The target samples were irradiated with ²⁴¹Am annular radioactive source at the intensity of 5 Ci which emits gamma rays at wavelength of 0.2028 nm. The characteristic x-rays emitted because of the excitation are collected by a high-resolution HPGe semiconductor detector. It has been determined that the experimental calculations of the tin (Sn) element are compatible with the theoretical calculation. In addition, we have calculated the experimental intensity ratios, fluorescence yields and total vacancy transfer probabilitiesfor other Sn compounds. 

The content of flavonoids in mesophyll cells of wheat was studied under the condition of enhanced UV-B radiation intensity. In this experiment, four groups of six days of control were treated with He-Ne laser group (L), enhanced UV-B radiation group (B), He-Ne laser and UV-B combined treatment group (B + L ), Normal light group (CK). Since the flavonoids carry some unsubstituted hydroxyl or glycosyl groups, it is a polar compound. By the 'similar compatibility' principle, they have some level of solubility in polar solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, propanol, and water. In this experiment, 70% ethanol was used to extract flavonoids. Finally, the total content of flavonoids in mesophyll cells was determined by visible spectrophotometry. The OD value of flavonoids was determined by rutin reagent 'The standard curves because rutin is a representative of flavonoids, it scavenging the role of free radicals significantly. The results showed that when the UV-B UV radiation intensity was enhanced, the content of flavonoids in wheat mesophyll cells increased, that is, the content of flavonoids in wheat leaves was higher than that in UV-B Strength was positively correlated. The results showed that the content of flavonoids in the mesophyll cells of the four control groups was the same as that of the B group> BL group> CK group> L group. With the prolonging of the treatment time of wheat, the content of flavonoids in wheat leaves at jointing-booting stage was significantly higher than that in seedling stage and panicle stage. This means that flavonoids are a protective substance that absorbs UV-B in plants, that is, the absorption of UV-B by flavonoids reduces the damage of UV-B to organs in plants [8] [10]; UV-B The smaller the damage, the less the content of flavonoids; laser damage caused by UV-B have a certain role in the repair. In this study, we further studied the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on the content of flavonoids in mesophyll cells of wheat. The effects of UV-B radiation on the content of flavonoids in wheat were studied. Whether it has a very important significance for wheat has become a stress [5].

Plum (Prunus domestica) is a seasonal nutraceutical fruit rich in many functional food nutrients such as vitamin C, antioxidants, total phenolic content, and minerals. Recently, researchers have focused on improvised technologies for the retention of bioactive compounds during the processing of perishable fruits; plum is one of these fruits. This study looked at how the percentage of moisture content and percentage of acidity were affected by conventional drying and osmotic dehydration. Total phenolic content (mg GA/100 g of plum), total anthocyanin content (mg/100 g), and vitamin C (mg/100 g) Conventional drying of fruit was carried out at 80.0 ℃ for 5 h. At various temperatures (45.0 ℃, 50.0 ℃, and 55.0 ℃) and hypertonic solution concentrations (65.0 B, 70.0 B, and 75.0 B), the whole fruit was osmotically dehydrated. It was observed that the osmotically treated fruit retains more nutrients than conventionally dried fruit. The total phenolic content of fruit significantly increased with the increase in process temperature. However, vitamin C and total anthocyanin content of the fruit decreased significantly with process temperature, and hypertonic solution concentration was observed. Hence, it was concluded that osmodehydration could be employed for nutrient retention in plum fruit over conventional drying. This process needs to be further refined, improvised, and optimised for plum processing.

A panel data analysis of nonlinear government expenditure and income inequality dynamics in a macroprudential policy regime was conducted on a panel of 15 emerging countries from 1985–2019, where there had been a non-prudential regime from 1985–1999 and a prudential regime from 2000–2019. The paper explored the validity of the nonlinearity between government expenditure and income inequality in the macroprudential policy regime as well as the threshold level at which excessive spending reduces income inequality using the Bayesian spatial lag panel smooth transition regression (BSPSTR) and fix effect models. The BSPSTR model was adopted due to its ability to address the problems of heterogeneity, endogeneity, and cross-section correlation in a nonlinear framework. Moreover, as the transition variable often varies across time and space, the effect of the independent variables can also be time- and space-varying. The results reveal evidence of a nonlinear effect between government spending and income inequality, where the minimum level of government spending is found to be 29.89 percent of GDP, above which expenditure reduces inequality in emerging countries. The findings confirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship. The focal policy recommendation is that fiscal policy decisions that will reinforce the need for more emphasis on education and public expenditure on education and health, as important tools for improving income inequality, are crucial for these economies. Caution is needed when introducing macroprudential policies, especially at a low level of government expenditure.

Objective: To study the growth, accumulation and soil nutrient content of each overseeded species under different interharvesting intensity treatments of Eucalyptus, and to explore the best re-cultivation method suitable for mixed overseeded species after Eucalyptus interharvesting. Methods: In Guangxi state-owned Qipo forest, Eucalyptus tailorii with different planting densities (DH32-29) were mixed with Castanopsis hystrix, Mytilaria laosensis and Michelia macclurei, and four different treatments (CK, LT, MT and HT) were established for re-cultivation of Eucalyptus near-mature forests with different logging intensities, and the differences in growth conditions and soil physicochemical properties of each species were analyzed. Results: (1) As the proportion of Eucalyptus allocation decreased, the growth of Eucalyptus diameter at breast height, tree height and individual wood volume could be promoted; the growth of the three parameters of HT and MT Eucalyptus were significantly different from LT and CK. (2) The average wood volume per plant of the set species in the CK and LT treatments was Mytilaria laosensis > Michelia macclurei > Castanopsis hystrix, while in the MT and HT treatments it was Mytilaria laosensis > Castanopsis hystrix > Michelia macclurei. (3) The differences in soil aeration, total saturated water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, and field water holding capacity in soil layers of different depth varied. In the same soil layer, soil aeration, total porosity and capillary porosity were HT > CK > LT > MT; saturated water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity were HT > CK > LT > MT, while field water holding capacity was CK > HT > LT > MT. (4) Organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, fast-acting nitrogen, fast-acting phosphorus, and fast-acting potassium changed with varying soil depth in each treatment.

In this study, daily averages of air quality parameters were measured in two stations (S1 and S2) of the organized industrial district in Samsun. The meteorological variables were measured at only one station (S1), such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and ambient pressure in 2007, and the daily promised limit for nitrogen dioxide has been especially exceeded at 206 times for 1^st station. However, exceeds of the limit value in 2006 for 1^st station was reduced by approximately 3.5 times. The daily nitrogen dioxide concentration did not exceed the daily limit of WHO^[1] as for 2^nd station. The results obtained showed that under the influence of dominant wind direction, the second station measurement results are higher than that of the first station. To determine all of the possible environmental effects, the measurements should be analyzed from a multi-point perspective.