The consumption of dietary supplements among the elderly is on the rise. Despite the potential benefits, a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making processes leading to the consumption is lacking. This study explores the conditions influencing the decision-making and behavioral patterns of older adults related to dietary supplement consumption. Using a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 elderly participants from a seniors’ club in Bangkok, Thailand, who had consistently consumed dietary supplements for at least one year. The behavior was classified into five primary categories: enduring use of identical dietary supplements, insufficient regard for health compatibility, replacing medications with supplements, not verifying before consumption, and opting for supplements over medical treatments. These patterns are aligned with the core constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control). Many individuals perceive supplements as pivotal health investments, while others view them as a direct route to robust health. Trusted advice from friends and television significantly influence their choices, with a prevailing sentiment that dietary supplements are generally safe. The high price tag on supplements is often associated with superior quality. The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of dietary supplement consumption decisions among the Thai elderly, suggesting the need for interventions to promote safer and more informed choices.

This study investigates the evolution of monetary policy in Ghana and explores the potential of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), specifically the e-Cedi, as a tool to enhance financial inclusion and modernize the country’s financial system. Ghana’s monetary policy framework has undergone significant transformations since the establishment of the Bank of Ghana in 1957, with notable achievements in stabilizing the economy and managing inflation. However, large segments of the population, particularly in rural areas, remain unbanked or underbanked, highlighting the limitations of traditional monetary tools. The introduction of the e-Cedi presents an opportunity to bridge these gaps by providing secure, efficient, and accessible financial services to underserved communities. The study employs a qualitative research design, integrating historical analysis, case studies, and thematic analysis to assess the potential benefits and challenges of CBDCs in Ghana. Key findings indicate that while the e-Cedi could significantly enhance financial inclusion, challenges related to technological infrastructure, cybersecurity, and public trust must be addressed. The study concludes that a balanced approach, which prioritizes digital infrastructure development, strong cybersecurity measures, and collaboration with financial institutions, is essential for maximizing the potential of CBDCs in Ghana. Recommendations for future research include a deeper exploration of the impact of CBDCs on financial stability and further analysis of rural adoption barriers.

Taking six typical forest communities in Taizhou Green Heart (ⅰ: Liquidambar formosana + Ulmus pumila + Celtis sinensis; ⅱ: Celtis sinensis + Pterocarya stenoptera + Pinus massoniana; ⅲ: Sapindus mukorossi + Sapium sebiferum + Cupressus funebris; ⅳ: Liquidambar formosana + Acer buergerianum + Cupressus funebris); ⅴ: Celtis sinensis + Ligustrum compactum + Pinus massoniana; ⅵ: Machilus ichangensis + Sapindus mukorossi + Acer buergerianum) as the research objects, 5 indicators: Shannon-Wiener (H), Patrick richness (R1), Margalef species richness (R2), Pielou evenness (J) and ecological dominance (D) were used to analyze species diversity in forest communities. The results showed that: (1) the community was rich in plant resources, with a total of 50 species belonging to 40 genus and 31 families, including 19 species in tree layer, 22 species in shrub layer and only 9 species in herb layer, few plant species; (2) the species richness and diversity index of tree layer and shrub layer were significantly higher than that of herb layer, but there were differences among different communities in the same layer, and no significant difference was reached; (3) the species richness and community diversity of the six communities showed as follows: community VI > community I > community II > community IV > community V > community III.