In the intricate realm of contractual law, the condition precluding action serves as a critical safeguard, ensuring that specific legitimate interests are protected within contracts and wills. This research examines this condition’s validity when based on a legitimate motive and for a reasonable duration. The study highlights a case involving an owner who violates this condition by engaging in acts such as sale or gift, raising important questions regarding the legal penalties associated with such violations. The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal consequences of breaching preventive clauses and to analyze how Egyptian, French, and Palestinian laws protect the interests of the stakeholders involved. The methodology adopted in this study is comparative in nature, involving a thorough analysis of the legal texts from Egyptian, French, and Palestinian laws. This involves a review of legal scholars’ opinions and relevant judicial rulings to highlight the differences in penalties and applications associated with preventive clauses. The findings reveal that both Egyptian and French laws advocate for the invalidity of actions carried out in violation of these preventive conditions. However, there is a divergence among scholars regarding the nature of this invalidity, with some arguing for absolute invalidity while others suggest relative invalidity. Conversely, the Palestinian legal framework prescribes specific penalties, indicating a variance in legislative approaches. The research concludes that the current legislative treatment of preventive conditions is insufficient and requires reform to ensure effective legal protection for affected parties. This leads to policy implications emphasizing the need to strengthen legal frameworks and enhance the clarity of legislative intentions in formulating laws related to preventive clauses. By doing so, the study aims to facilitate the achievement of legitimate interests for parties involved and ensure the enforcement of preventive conditions in a manner that upholds contractual integrity.

The financial inclusion program in Asia has begun to be carried out intensively, focusing on increasing public access, especially for people who have yet to enjoy banking services. This makes financial inclusion one of the development focuses in the financial sector in various countries, especially in the Asian region. This study compares the financial inclusion level and socioeconomic variables’ influence on financial inclusion in Asian countries in 2010–2022. To compare the level of financial inclusion in several Asian countries, the Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) analysis method was used, while to examine the relationship between socioeconomic variables on financial inclusion, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used with an estimation technique, in the Fixed Effects Model approach. The results of this study indicate that, in general, financial inclusion in several Asian countries is mainly influenced by the usability dimension. In addition, only the variable GDP per capita is partially influential. While other variables, namely, the unemployment rate and population in rural areas, significantly influence the financial inclusion index.

This study compares Human Resource Development (HRD) in Vietnam and Malaysia, looking at their methods, problems, and institutional frameworks in the context of ASEAN economic integration and Industry 4.0. Based on Cho and McLean’s (2004) integrated HRD model, this paper looks at recent research (from 2018 to 2023) to look at important topics such globalization, demographic changes, vocational training alignment, and technology disruption. Vietnam has a vast workforce, but it still has problems with low productivity, skill mismatches, and not being ready for the global market. On the other hand, Malaysia’s institutional HRD structures are making more progress, even though its workforce is getting older and not everyone is adapting to digital transformation at the same rate. The study shows that we need HRD policies that are tailored to each industry, training that is delivered in a decentralized way, and stronger relationships between the public and commercial sectors. It also stresses how important it is for national HRD policies to include global competences and initiatives that help everyone learn new skills. The study adds a unique framework for comparing HRD and gives policymakers, educators, and practitioners useful information, even though it is constrained by its use of secondary data. Future study should use mixed-methods to confirm results and look into interventions that work in specific situations. The study shows that Vietnam and Malaysia need personalized, inclusive, and forward thinking HRD systems to produce strong and competitive workforces in the post-pandemic, digital driven global economy.

Lianghuai Mining Area is one of the 13 large coal bases in China. It is an important coal and coal production base in China. Mine water inrush accidents occur frequently, resulting in economic and human resource losses, reflecting the importance of the study of hydrogeology in mining areas. In this paper, the hydrogeological conditions of Bozhou and Huainan Panxie mine are analyzed, and the similarities and differences between the hydrogeological conditions of the two mines are summarized. The shallow pore water group in the Bozhou area is composed of the Quaternary system of the Quaternary system (Q4d) and the upper part of the upper part of the Mao Tong group (Q3m). The lithology of the aquifer is silt, silt and fine sand. The shallow pore water group of the Panxian Pancho Formation in Huainan is composed of the Upper Pleistocene of the Quaternary system and the Holocene strata. The lithology is mainly composed of fine sand. The main sources of shallow pore water supply in the two areas are precipitation infiltration, mainly for evaporation, lateral runoff, artificial mining and deep flow and discharge to the river.

The purpose of the current study is to raise the question about making a comparison between international legislation in the United States, European Union, and legislation of Saudi Arabia derived from Islamic law regarding the poultry slaughtering process and the relationship of that to achieving safe and healthy food for humans. In addition, the study utilized the Holy Qur’an and the texts of the Prophet’s hadith as primary sources. Additionally, various national and international laws, reports, and legislations were referenced as secondary sources for the review. Moreover, this study addresses a research gap by providing a comparative analysis that links Islamic and international legislation regarding poultry slaughter and examines its impact on food quality and safety. The study’s findings indicate that Islamic Sharia provisions are in harmony with the regulations of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia related to poultry slaughtering process. This alignment ensures the primary goal of the slaughter process, which is to quickly get rid of the blood and achieve the well-being of the poultry. Consequently, this results in high quality meat with low microbial content that can be preserved for a longer period compared to regulations in other global markets such as the USA and the European Union.