Financial literacy and financial intermediation are vital tools for all businesses, particularly women micro-entrepreneurs. Even with modest means, they have been shown to considerably contribute to economic independence at the family, national, and international levels. Since Indonesian women microentrepreneurs still have trouble getting bank loans (being unbanked), the majority of them join cooperatives. Cooperatives are without doubt the financial intermediation institutions of choice for micro-communities; nonetheless, research on the subject is still scarce, particularly in developing nations. In order to bridge this gap, this study looks at the role of cooperatives as financial intermediation organizations. Examining the impact of financial literacy through cooperative financial intermediation on the financial performance of Indonesian women microentrepreneurs is the main goal of the study. The cross-sectional data were identified using purposive approaches and processed with the use of Smart PLS as part of an explanatory research approach. The direct influence test results demonstrate that enhancing financial performance and financial intermediation are directly impacted by financial literacy. Additionally, financial intermediation (cooperatives) was successful in influencing the impact of financial literacy on the financial performance of micro-entrepreneurs in Indonesia, according to the findings of the mediation effect test.
This study examines the relationship between board diversity (in term of percentage of female board members, educational qualification, independent directors, interlocking directorship, and financial literacy) and earnings quality of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. The study used secondary data from the stock exchange fact books and audited financial statements of the selected companies. We adopted a quantitative research design in which data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Three variants of regression model, namely pooled ordinary least square, fixed effects and random effects models were estimated. Results revealed that significant differences exist in board diversity and earnings quality across the listed insurance companies in Nigeria. Also, the impact of board diversity on earnings quality is positive and strong. That is, the higher the company’s board diversity the better the ability to generate quality earnings. The results suggest than insurance companies with large number of women on the board are more likely to generate higher quality earning than those dominated by men. The paper draws the attention of management of listed insurance companies to the need to comply with the code of corporate governance on board diversity to increase the number of women on the board and ensure that the board consists of educationally qualified members, and financial literate members. The study also draws the attention of Nigeria Stock Exchange Group (NSGG) and other regulatory authorities to the need for regulation that will make disclosure of directors’ personal information a regulatory disclosure.
This research aims to determine the strategy of the Jakarta Provincial Government in increasing the resilience and growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within a collaborative governance framework post-COVID-19. This study explores the effectiveness of SMEs and facilities in accessing financing and fostering collaborative partnerships between SMEs, government agencies, and financial institutions by utilizing USAID’s Theory of Change (TOC). This research uses a qualitative approach supported by in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions to enrich the insights of SME stakeholders, large companies, and SME actors and assess the impact of their roles. The results of this research highlight the critical role of SME Cooperative Banks (SCB) in improving SMEs’ access to credit and financial services, including collaborative governance frameworks and partnerships between SMEs, government agencies, and banks, which were identified as necessary to improve policy coherence and encourage conducive SME business environment conditions. The main findings of this research underscore the importance of the SCB model, demonstrating its potential to improve SME resilience and economic sustainability. This SCB model enriches the TOC indicators introduced by USAID. The study identifies gaps in digital infrastructure and market access that hinder SME growth and recommends targeted interventions to address these challenges. This study shows that SCB offers a promising pathway to increase the resilience and growth of SMEs in Indonesia, especially if accompanied by effective collaborative governance strategies. These initiatives can encourage inclusive economic development and strengthen the role of SMEs as drivers of the local economy. Recommendations include expanding the SCB model to other regions, encouraging digitalization, facilitating market access, advocating for a supportive policy framework, and integrating these strategies to advance the principles of USAID’s Theory of Change, fostering sustainable SME development and economic resilience.
In Indonesia tax reform has undergone multiple revisions in recent years, all within a brief timeframe. Digital tax reform in Indonesia began with significant milestones in recent years to adapt to the digital economy’s challenges. The specific start date for digital tax reform in Indonesia can be traced back to the passing of the Tax Regulations Harmonization Law on 7th October 2021, which officially became Law No 7/2021 on 29th October 2021. This law marked a crucial step in Indonesia’s journey towards modernizing its tax system to address the implications of the digital economy. The provisions of this law have varying effective dates, such as for income tax purposes from the 2022 fiscal year and for VAT purposes from 1st April 2022. These changes under the Tax Regulations Harmonization Law are extensive and wide-reaching, signifying a pivotal moment in Indonesia’s digital tax reform efforts. This shows that the Indonesian government intends to radically overhaul the tax system, yet there are inconsistent approaches to deciding on the long-term course of tax policy. It is critical to investigate the concept of tax legislation in Indonesia in order to provide legal clarity on digital tax reform. Normative juridical research methodology is employed, together with a qualitative research strategy and descriptive-analytical research specifications. The findings suggest that the Indonesian government’s efforts to establish strict policies governing taxes on digital activity are inadequate and uneven. In order to apply to digital platform enterprises, the definition of permanent establishment as outlined in a number of national regulations must incorporate a substantial economic presence criterion. Legislative progress toward the establishment of a framework for digital tax collection is necessary to mitigate the possible income loss of states in this area, which could result from the rapid advancement of information technology. The OECD consensus is still in the process of drafting an international tax reform that will require adjustments from national tax reform. Therefore, it is imperative that the Indonesian government establish a thorough framework for tax regulation that can ensure robustness, economic efficiency, fairness, against motivation compatibility, administrative ease, and avoidance.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of the E-Government Development Index analysis in Southeast Asia. Through a review of the results of an annual survey of 192 United Nations (UN) member states, the study identified 11 countries with the E-Government Development Index in Southeast Asia. The findings in this study revealed that the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) in Southeast Asian countries displays different levels of development. Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei are the countries in the region with the highest EGDI scores. Singapore leads the area with a high EGDI score. These countries have effectively implemented advanced e-government services, such as online public services, digital infrastructure, and e-participation, which have greatly improved the quality of life of their citizens and the efficiency of their government function. On the other hand, countries such as Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar lag in their e-government development as a result of factors such as limited Internet access, inadequate digital infrastructure, and low levels of digital literacy among the populations of these countries. In addition, some moderate progress has been made in the development of e-government in mid-level countries, such as Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. These countries continue to improve their digital infrastructure and enhance their e-service offerings to close the digital divide. Overall, EGDI in Southeast Asia reflects different levels of digital transformation in the region, with each country facing its distinct set of difficulties and opportunities when it comes to leveraging technology for better governance and public service delivery.
Modern agricultural production technologies based on the widespread use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers have largely solved the problem of providing the population with food, and at the same time have generated multiple ecological, medical and environmental problems, problems of environmentally friendly and biologically valuable food products, land rehabilitation, restoration of their fertility, etc. Therefore, the emergence of new classes of pesticides with different mechanisms of action, high selectivity and low toxicity for warm-blooded animals is very modern. Currently, the development and application of new plant protection products that are not toxic to humans and animals is of global importance. Priority is given to research aimed at creating plant protection products based on microorganisms and their metabolites, as well as the search for plant substances with potential pesticide activity. In this regard, the question arose of finding new safe fertilizers that can also be economically profitable for production on an industrial scale. One of the current trends in this industry is the use of green microalgae. In this regard, the purpose of our research is the possibility of cultivating green microalgae on phosphorus production waste. During the work, traditional and modern research methods in biology were used. As a result of the work, several problems can be solved, such as the disposal of industrial waste and the production of safe biological fertilizer.
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