This article presents a comprehensive analysis and strategic framework for enhancing social welfare in Kazakhstan through the adoption of international social security standards. This article aims to formulate scientific and practical recommendations for enhancing the legal framework governing Kazakhstan’s social security system. It posits that integrating international social protection standards is pivotal for refining national legislation and charting future developmental courses. Employing a novel methodology, this study analyzes key documents from the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It also examines efforts to assimilate these international norms into Kazakhstan’s social security laws. The investigation reveals a stagnation in the evolution of the nation’s social sector, marked by a dearth of innovative ideas and initiatives to elevate the subpar social security standards. The adoption of international social standards emerges as a catalyst for rejuvenating the national social sphere, aiming to elevate the Kazakhstani social protection system to meet global benchmarks. This research outlines the pathways for Kazakhstan’s ratification of and accession to key social protection instruments and offers expert recommendations to support this endeavor. The conclusions and recommendations developed are poised for application in legislative reforms, aiming to amend and enhance existing laws to foster a more robust and inclusive social security framework. The findings suggest that the adoption of international social security standards not only contributes to the improvement of individual lives but also fosters social cohesion and economic stability. The article concludes with tailored recommendations for Kazakhstan, highlighting the role of stakeholder engagement, phased implementation, and continuous evaluation in the successful integration of global social security norms. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on social security reform, offering a valuable perspective for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners involved in social welfare enhancement efforts in Kazakhstan and similar contexts.

This article explores the possibilities of developing Oman’s tourism sector under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Tourism is a cornerstone of Oman’s economy, with the government prioritizing substantial efforts toward its development to foster economic diversification. This paper examines the broader efforts of Oman to strengthen its relations with China, which will indirectly benefit the tourism industry. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the historical exchanges and future cooperation between China and Oman under BRI, specifically focusing on developing infrastructure and technology in Oman to support the tourism sector. It has been argued that BRI has the potential to significantly contribute to the growth and development of Oman’s tourism sector through increased investment and cooperation with Chinese counterparts.

ZrO₂ thin film samples were produced by the sol-gel dip coating method. Four different absorbed dose levels (such as ~ 0.4, 0.7, 1.2 and 2.7 Gray-Gy) were applied to ZrO₂ thin films. Hence, the absorbed dose of ZrO₂ thin film was examined as physical dose quantity representing the mean energy imparted to the thin film per unit mass by gamma radiation. Modification of the grain size was performed sensitively by the application of the absorbed dose to the ZrO₂ thin film. Therefore the grain size reached from ~50 nm to 87 nm at the irradiated ZrO₂ thin film. The relationship of the grain size, the contact angle, and the refractive index of the irradiated ZrO₂ thin film was investigated as being an important technical concern. The irradiation process was performed in a hot cell by using a certified solid gamma ray source with 0.018021 Ci as an alternative technique to minimize the utilization of extra toxicological chemical solution. Antireflection and hydrophilic properties of the irradiated ZrO₂ thin film were slightly improved by the modification of the grain size. The details on the optical and structural properties of the ZrO₂ thin film were examined to obtain the optimum high refractive index, self-cleaning and anti-reflective properties.

Research into electro-conductive textiles based on conductive polymers like polypyrrole has increased in recent years due to their high potential applications in various fields. Conductive polymers behave like insulators in their neutral states, with typical electrical conductivity in the range 10^–10 to 10^–25 Scm^–1. These neutral polymers can be converted into semi-conductive or conductive states with conductivities ranging from 1 Scm^–1 to 10^–4 Scm^–1 through chemical or electro-chemical redox reactions. By applying these polymers to a textile surface, we can obtain novel composites that are strong, flexible, lightweight, and highly electroconductive. These textile composites are suitable for applications such as heating pads, sensors, corrosion-protecting materials, actuators, electrochromic devices, EMI shielding, etc. The methods of application of conductive polymers onto the textile surface, such as in-situ chemical, in-situ electrochemical, in-situ vapor phase, in-situ polymerization in a supercritical fluid, and solution coating processes, are described here briefly. The merits and demerits of these methods are mentioned here. The reaction mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical polymerization proposed by the different researchers are described. Different factors affecting the kinetics of chemical and electrochemical polymerization are accounted for. The influence of textile materials on the kinetics of chemical polymerization is reviewed and reported.

Coal is important basic energy and important raw materials, the development of coal industry to support the rapid development of the national economy. In the 1950s and 1960s, the proportion of coal in China's primary energy production and consumption structure accounted for 90% and 80% respectively, and the proportion of coal in 2004 was 75.6% and 67.7% respectively. In recent years, with the rapid development of fully mechanized mining equipment manufacturing technology, fully mechanized mining equipment to heavy, strong and automated, so that the reliability of the equipment is guaranteed, a strong impetus to the development of large mining technology, new round of coal mining technology revolution, the current in the East, Jincheng and other mining areas have been the first in the thick coal seam f = 1.5-5 use of large mining height fully mechanized mining equipment, to achieve the highest efficiency, the lowest cost of tons of coal. The main points of this paper are: in the production of coal enterprises to improve the competitiveness of the coal market. Conditions and conditions of coal storage conditions should be allowed to give priority to the use of large mining and mining methods.

In recent years, the rapid development of technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality, along with the significant increase in publications related to the Metaverse, demonstrates a sustained growth in interest in this field. Some scholars have already performed bibliometric analyses of this emerging field. However, previous analyses have not been comprehensive due to limitations such as the volume of literature, particularly lacking in co-citation analysis, which is crucial for understanding the interconnectedness and impact of research works. In this study, we used the Web of Science as a database to search for topics related to the Metaverse from 1995 to 2023. Subsequently, we employed CiteSpace for co-citation network analysis to supplement previous research. Through our analysis at the journal, author, and literature levels, we identified core journals and key authors in the Metaverse field. We discovered that Extended Reality (XR), education, user privacy, and terminologies related to the Metaverse are significant research themes within the field. This study provides clear and actionable research directions for future papers in the Metaverse field.