COVID-19 has amplified existing imbalances, institutional and financing constraints associated with a development strategy that did not take sufficient account of challenges with emissions, environmental damage and health risks associated with climate change in a number of countries, including China. The recovery from the pandemic can be combined with appropriately designed investments that take into account human, social, natural and physical capital, as well as distributional objectives, that can also address commitments under the Paris agreement. An important criterion for sustainable development is that the tax regimes at the national and sub-national levels should reflect the same criteria as the investment strategy. Own-source revenues, are essential to be able to access private financing, including local government bonds and PPPs in a sustainable manner. Governance criteria are also important including information on the buildup of liabilities at all levels of government, to ensure transparent governance.
Despite differences in political systems, the Chinese experiences are relevant in a wide range of emerging market countries as the measures utilize institutions and policies reflecting international best practices, including modern tax administrations for the VAT, and income taxes, and benefit-linked property taxes, as well as utilization of balance sheets information consistent with the IMF’s Government Financial Statistics Manual, 2014. The options have significant implications for policy advice and development cooperation for meeting global climate change goals while ensuring sustainable employment generation with transparency and accountability.

[Objective] To understand the relationship between species diversity and tree growth in natural secondary forests in Northeast China, to determine the reasonable size of species diversity, and to carry out appropriate nurturing harvesting and artificial replanting, so as to provide a scientific and theoretical basis for secondary forest management and management. [Methods] A total of 123 sample plots were set up in the Xiaoxinganling (XXAL), Zhangguangcailing (ZGCL), Laojialing (LYL), Changbai Mountain (CBS), Hadaling (HDL) and Longgang Mountain (LGS) areas in Northeast China, they were used to investigate the species composition, importance value, diversity and tree growth in each area. [Results] A total of 48 species belonging to 17 families and 31 genera were investigated in all the sample plots, among which the sample plots in Longgang Mountain contained the largest number of families, genera and species, followed by Hada Ling, Changbai Mountain, Laoyaling, Zhangguangcai Mountain and Xiaoxinganling. The α-diversity index of species in the sample sites was the largest in Changbai Mountain and the smallest in Xiaoxinganling, and the difference between them was significant (P < 0.05), while the richness index was the largest in Longgang Mountain and the smallest in Xiaoxinganling. The difference between them was significant (P < 0.05), while the greater the difference in latitude between the regions, the more obvious the difference in β-diversity index of species in the sample sites, and the fewer species shared between the two regions. The higher the rate of community succession, the higher the average diameter at breast height and the average tree height in each region were CBS > LYL > LGS > ZGCL > HDL > XXAL. The largest breast tree species in each region was Mongolian oak in Changbai Mountain with a diameter at breast height of 64.8 cm, and the smallest breast tree species in each region was Tyrannus sylvestris in Longgang Mountain with a diameter at breast height of 4.0 cm. The highest tree species in each region was Liriodendron sylvestris in Longgang Mountain with a height of 28.9 m, and the smallest species is yellow pineapple with a height of 1.3 m in Longgang Mountain. [Conclusion] Within a certain range, species diversity has a facilitating effect on the average diameter at breast height and average tree height of species within a stand. Therefore, during the management of secondary forests, appropriate nurturing harvesting and artificial replanting should be adopted to ensure reasonable species diversity in the stands and provide optimal space for the growth of natural secondary forests.

In order to optimize the environmental factors for cucumber growth, a fertilizer and water control system was designed based on the Internet of Things (IoT) system. The IoT system monitors environmental factors such as temperature, light and soil Ec value, and uses image processing to obtain four growth indicators such as cucumber stem height, stem diameter size, number of leaves and number of fruit set to establish a single growth indicator model for temperature, light, soil Ec value and growth stage, and the four growth indicators were fused to obtain the comprehensive growth indicator I_c for cucumber, and calculates its deviation to determine the cucumber growth status. Based on the integrated growth index I_c of cucumber, a soil Ec control model was established to provide the optimal environment and fertilizer ration for cucumber at different growth stages to achieve stable and high yield of cucumber.

Introduction: The selection of genotypes with determinate growth habit in tomato should contemplate adequate selection criteria to increase the efficiency of the breeding program. Objective: The objective of this work was to estimate selection criteria for “chonto” type tomato lines with determined growth habit. Materials and methods: This work was carried out at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Palmira Campus), in 2016, with seven lines with determinate growth habit and a control with indeterminate growth. Heritability in a broad sense (h² g), coefficient of environmental variation, coefficient of genetic variation, selection efficiency and genetic gain were determined in parameters of morphological, phonological, fruit quality, fruit shape and production, using the RELM/BLUP procedure of the SELEGEN software. Results: There were three ranges of h² g, the first with values of h² g greater than 0.76, the second between 0.53 and 0.38, and the third with a value less than 0.38. The highest values of h² g were for final plant height with 0.92, plant height at harvest with 0.88, yield per plant with 0.83, days to flowering with 0.83, number of fruits per plant with 0.82, and days to harvest with 0.82. For genetic gain it was found that the control had the highest values for final plant height, plant height at harvest, internode length, days to harvest, harvest duration, soluble solids content, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and yield per plant; however, in some parameters such as height and phenology for selection by determined growth habit, the lowest values were better. Conclusion: There was evidence of genetic parameters that could be considered as selection criteria for “chonto” type tomato lines with determinate growth habit.

China’s economic structure has made subtle changes with the development of digital economy. Along with the marginal diminishing effect of Chinese monetary policies and the increase of the overall leverage ratio, the Chinese economic growth mode of relying on real estate, trade and infrastructure construction in the past will not be sustainable in the next decade. This paper makes a theoretical analysis on the reduction of the search cost in digital economy. Also, this paper used empirical methods to study the relationship between China’s economic growth and digital infrastructure construction. In conclusion, the digital economy has reduced the search cost for people, and big data will become a product factor participating in labor distribution. In addition, this paper proposes for the first time that digital economy can effectively restrain inflation. The Chinese government needs to attach importance to the issue that current internet enterprise oligarchs will probably monopolize the usage of big data in the development of digital economy in the future and become the obstacle to effective economic growth. In addition, close attention should be paid to the vulnerabilities of financial and taxation systems for digital economic entities to avoid continuous disguised tax subsidies to internet oligarchs, thus preventing industrial monopoly.

Objective: The influence of climate on forest stands cannot be ignored, but most of the previous forest stand growth models were constructed under the presumption of invariant climate and could not estimate the stand growth under climate change. The model was constructed to provide a theoretical basis for forest operators to take reasonable management measures for fir under the influence of climate. Methods: Based on the survey data of 638 cedar plantation plots in Hunan Province, the optimal base model was selected from four biologically significant alternative stand basal area models, and the significant climate factors without serious covariance were selected by multiple stepwise regression analysis. The optimal form of random effects was determined, and then a model with climatic effects was constructed for the cross-sectional growth of fir plantations. Results: Richards formula is the optimal form of the basic model of stand basal area growth. The coefficient of adjustment  was 0.8355; the average summer maximum temperature  and the water vapor loss  in Hargreaves climate affected the maximum and rate of fir stand stand growth respectively, and were negatively correlated with the stand growth. The adjusted coefficient of determination  of the fir stand area break model with climate effects was 0.8921, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 3.0792, and the mean relative error absolute value (MARE) was 9.9011; compared with the optimal base model,  improved by 6.77%, RMSE decreased by 19.04%, and MARE decreased by 15.95%. Conclusion: The construction of the stand cross-sectional area model with climate effects indicates that climate has a significant influence on stand growth, which supports the rationality of considering climate factors in the growth model, and it is important for the regional stand growth harvest and management of cedar while improving the accuracy and applicability of the model.