A decent income is an important part of overcoming economic disparities in agricultural development, especially in developing countries where most of the population are small farmers. As a developing country, Indonesia has also established a decent standard of living by setting a minimum wage as a reference for a decent income at the national and regional levels. However, this benchmark is not relevant to be applied uniformly at all levels of workers. This research determines the national coffee development area as the study center. We developed the Anker living wage methodology as a simple concept for determining living income for certain worker communities, especially for small farmers in rural areas who dominate the type of work in Indonesia. a socio-spatial approach is used to visualize the distribution of the dynamics of a decent life in various conditions of farming households. We found that 96.6% of coffee farming households in the national coffee development area had an inadequate living income, and only 3.4% were at an adequate level. We conclude that the current state of agricultural land management does not guarantee a decent income, even though efforts have been made to maximize agricultural crop productivity. The spatial description also shows that this condition is evenly distributed throughout residential areas. It is hoped that this approach can become an essential reference in implementing agricultural development programs that focus on welfare and equitable development as benchmarks for sustainable development goals in the future.

This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic determinants and education levels in eight selected African oil-exporting countries (AOECs) over the period 2000–2022. Drawing on human capital theory, the paper scrutinizes the impact of factors such as income inequality, health outcome, economic growth, human development, unemployment, education expenditure, institutional quality, and energy consumption on education levels. Employing robust estimation techniques such as fixed effects (FE), random effects (RE), pooled mean group (PMG) and cross-section autoregressive distributed lag model (CS-ARDL), the study unveils vital static and dynamic interactions among these determinants and education levels. Findings reveal notable positive and significant connections between education levels and some of the variables—human capital development, institutional quality, government expenditure on education, and energy consumption, while income inequality demonstrates a consistent negative relationship. Unexpectedly, health outcomes exhibit a negative impact on education levels, warranting further investigation. Furthermore, the analysis deepens understanding of long-run and short-run relationships, highlighting, for example, the contradictory impact of gross domestic product (GDP) and unemployment on education levels in AOECs. Finally, the study recommends targeted human development programs, enhanced public investment in education, institutional reforms for good governance, and sustainable energy infrastructure development.

Bamboo is one of the noble plant species in Ethiopia. Household (HH) income and construction role of highland bamboo (Oldeania alpina (K. Schum.) Stapleto) stands were assessed at Masha district, Southern Ethiopia. Three peasant associations (PAs), Yepo, Yina and Gada, 7–15 key informants and 68, 46, 31 households, respectively were interviewed about the cost and income of bamboo to compare with woody climbers, honey, and mushroom in 2021. Bamboo was one of the main sources of income in all PAs, at least for fencing or house construction. In Yepo, Yina and Gada bamboo accounts 0.7%, 28.1%, 16.3% of the HH NTFP income, respectively. The local people responded that bamboo constructed houses and fences were durable for 15–30 and 2–10 years, respectively. In constructing a 2.44–4.27 m radius local house in Yepo, Yina and Gada 2.4–6 m³, 4.1–5.82 m³ and 3.1–4.3 m³ bamboo culms were harvested at 15, 20, and 30 years interval, respectively by each HH. Bamboo young shoots were also seasonally used for food. Although bamboo provides multiple uses, like substitute for wood and environmental services, it was facing different problems of deforestation. Therefore, policy attention is highly important for bamboo sustainable utilization.

Central Sulawesi has been grappling with significant challenges in human development, as indicated by its Human Development Index (HDI). Despite recent improvements, the region still lags behind the national average. Key issues such as high poverty rates and malnutrition among children, particularly underweight prevalence, pose substantial barriers to enhancing the HDI. This study aims to analyze the impact of poverty, malnutrition, and household per capita income on the HDI in Central Sulawesi. By employing panel data regression analysis over the period from 2018 to 2022, the research seeks to identify significant determinants that influence HDI and provide evidence-based recommendations for policy interventions. Utilizing panel data regression analysis with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM), the study reveals that while poverty negatively influences with HDI, underweight prevalence is not statistically significant. In contrast, household per capita income significantly impacts HDI, with lower income levels leading to declines in HDI. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive policy interventions in nutrition, healthcare, and economic support to enhance human development in the region. These interventions are crucial for addressing the root causes of underweight prevalence and poverty, ultimately leading to improved HDI and overall well-being. The originality of this research lies in its focus on a specific region of Indonesia, providing localized insights and recommendations that are critical for targeted policy making.

The aim of this study is to determine how bank diversification affects bank stability. To this end, it examines data of 136 commercial banks operating in 14 MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries observed from 2005 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel data regression analysis. The selected countries are Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Lebanon, Algeria, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. The main results point to the enhancing effect of income diversification on bank stability. Our results underline the “Bright Side” of banking income diversification in the MENA region. However, this stabilizing income diversification effect is not always maintainable. The results also point to a non-linear relationship between interest/non-interest income and financial stability, suggesting that higher diversification reduces risk. We use a dynamic panel threshold model to determine income diversification thresholds that stabilize banks in the MENA region.

Several studies have explored green economy and the needs for improvement on the standard of living among low-income families or households in many developing countries including Bangladesh. Similarly, there is an emphasis on economic growth and vision 2030 is regarded stressed. Nonetheless, there is less attention in exploring green economy in propelling sustainable financial inclusion among low-income families and households in Bangladesh in order to attain vision 2030 and overall economic growth.  The primary objective is to explore green economy in fostering sustainable financial inclusion among low-income families and households in Bangladesh in enhancing economic growth and vision 2030 in Bangladesh. Content Analysis (CA) and systematic literature review (SLR) as an integral part of qualitative research. Secondary data were gathered through different sources such as: Web of Science (WOS), related journals, published references, research papers, library sources and reports. The results indicated that poverty is a prime challenge impeding sustainable financial inclusion among low-income families and households in Bangladesh. The study has further established the potential of green economy in improving well-beings and social fairness in fostering sustainable and inclusive finance among families or households with low-income in the country. The paper also highlighted the necessity of implementing policy relating to vision 2030 by enhancing sustainable and inclusive finance among low-income households in particular and overall economic growth in the country in general. In conclusion, it has been reiterated that green economy has been a mechanism for achieving sustainable development in general and poverty eradication among low-income households in Bangladesh. It is therefore suggested that the government and economic policymakers should provide enabling environment for improving green economy among low-income households in achieving Vision 2030 and overall economic growth in the country.