COVID-19 and the economic response have amplified and changed the nature of development challenges in fundamental ways. Global development cooperation should adapt accordingly. This paper lays out the urgency for new methods of development cooperation that can deliver resource transfers at scale, oriented to addressing climate change and with transparency and better governance. It looks at what is actually happening to major donor countries’ development cooperation programs and where the principal gaps lie, and offers some thoughts on how to move forward, notwithstanding the clear geopolitical rivalries that are evident.
The most immediate challenge is to provide a level of liquidity support to countries ravaged by the global economic downturn. Many developing countries will see double-digit declines in GDP, with some recording downturns not seen in peacetime. Alongside the short-term challenge of recovery, COVID-19 has laid bare longer-term trends that have pointed for some time to the lack of sustainability—environmental, social, and governance—in the way economic development was occurring in many places, including in advanced economies. This new landscape has significant implications for development cooperation in terms of scale, development/climate co-benefits, and transparency and accountability.

The structure and diversity of tree species in a temperate forest in northwestern Mexico was characterized. Nine sampling sites of 50 × 50 m (2,500 m²) were established, and a census of all tree species was carried out. Each individual was measured for total height and diameter at breast height. The importance value index (IVI) was obtained, calculated from the variable abundance, dominance and frequency. The diversity and richness indices were also calculated. A total of 12 species, four genera and four families were recorded. The forest has a density of 575.11 individuals and a basal area of 23.54/m². The species of Pinus cooperi had the highest IVI (79.05%), and the Shannon index of 1.74.

The range migration algorithm (RMA) is an accurate imaging method for processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals. However, this algorithm requires a big amount of computation when performing Stolt mapping. In high squint and wide beamwidth imaging, this operation also requires big memory size to store the result spectrum after Stolt mapping because the spectrum will be significantly expanded. A modified Stolt mapping that does not expand the signal spectrum while still maintains the processing accuracy is proposed in this paper to improve the efficiency of the RMA when processing frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) SAR signals. The modified RMA has roughly the same computational load and required the same memory size as the range Doppler algorithm (RDA) when processing FMCW SAR data. In extreme cases when the original spectrum is significantly modified by the Stolt mapping, the modified RMA achieves better focusing quality than the traditional RMA. Simulation and real data is used to verify the performance of the proposed RMA.

The Olefin aromatization is an important method for the upgrade of catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and production of fuel oil with high octane number. The nano-ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized via a seed-induced method, a series of modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolite samples with different Ga deposition amount were prepared by Ga liquid deposition method. The XRD, N₂ physical adsorption, SEM, TEM, XPS, H₂-TPR and Py-IR measurements were used to characterize the morphology, textural properties and acidity of the modified ZSM-5 zeolites. The catalytic performance of the Hexene-1 aromatization was evaluated on a fixed-bed microreactor. The effects of Ga modification on the physicochemical and catalytic performance of nano-ZSM-5 zeolites were investigated. The Ga species in the modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolites mainly exist as the form of Ga₂O₃ and GaO⁺, which provide strong Lewis acid sites. The aromatics selectivity over Ga modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolite in the Hexene-1 aromatization was significantly increased, which could be attributed to the improvement of the dehydrogenation activity. The selectivity for aromatics over the Ga4.2/NZ5 catalyst with suitable Ga deposition amount reached 55.4%.