The idea of a smart city has evolved in recent years from limiting the city’s physical growth to a comprehensive idea that includes physical, social, information, and knowledge infrastructure. As of right now, many studies indicate the potential advantages of smart cities in the fields of education, transportation, and entertainment to achieve more sustainability, efficiency, optimization, collaboration, and creativity. So, it is necessary to survey some technical knowledge and technology to establish the smart city and digitize its services. Traffic and transportation management, together with other subsystems, is one of the key components of creating a smart city. We specify this research by exploring digital twin (DT) technologies and 3D model information in the context of traffic management as well as the need to acquire them in the modern world. Despite the abundance of research in this field, the majority of them concentrate on the technical aspects of its design in diverse sectors. More details are required on the application of DTs in the creation of intelligent transportation systems. Results from the literature indicate that implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) to the scope of traffic addresses the traffic management issues in densely populated cities and somewhat affects the air pollution reduction caused by transportation systems. Leading countries are moving towards integrated systems and platforms using Building Information Modelling (BIM), IoT, and Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) to make cities smarter. There has been limited research on the application of digital twin technology in traffic control. One reason for this could be the complexity of the traffic system, which involves multiple variables and interactions between different components. Developing an accurate digital twin model for traffic control would require a significant amount of data collection and analysis, as well as advanced modeling techniques to account for the dynamic nature of traffic flow. We explore the requirements for the implementation of the digital twin in the traffic control industry and a proper architecture based on 6 main layers is investigated for the deployment of this system. In addition, an emphasis on the particular function of DT in simulating high traffic flow, keeping track of accidents, and choosing the optimal path for vehicles has been reviewed. Furthermore, incorporating user-generated content and volunteered geographic information (VGI), considering the idea of the human as a sensor, together with IoT can be a future direction to provide a more accurate and up-to-date representation of the physical environment, especially for traffic control, according to the literature review. The results show there are some limitations in digital twins for traffic control. The current digital twins are only a 3D representation of the real world. The difficulty of synchronizing real and virtual world information is another challenge. Eventually, in order to employ this technology as effectively as feasible in urban management, the researchers must address these drawbacks.

Although dykes are a predominant and widely distributed phenomenon in S-Algeria, N-Mali and N-Niger, a systematic, standardized inventory of dykes covering these areas has not been published so far. Remote sensing and geo information system (GIS) tools offer an opportunity for such an inventory. This inventory is not only of interest for the mining industry as many dykes are related to mineral occurrence of economic value, but also for hydrogeologic investigations (dykes can form barriers for groundwater flow). Surface-near dykes, major fault zones, volcanic and structural features were digitized based on Landsat 8 and 9, Sentinel 2, Sentinel 1 and ALOS PALSAR data. High resolution images of World Imagery files/ESRI and Bing Maps Aerial/Microsoft were included into the evaluations. More than 14,000 dykes were digitized and analyzed. The evaluations of satellite images allow a geomorphologic differentiation of types of dykes and the description of their characteristics such as dyke swarms or ring dykes. Dykes are tracing zones of weakness like faults and zones with higher geomechanically strain. Dyke density calculations were carried out in ArcGIS to support the detection of dyke concentrations as stress indicator. Thus, when occurring concentrated, they might indicate stressed areas where further magmatic and earthquake activity might potentially happen in future.

With the increasing call for sustainable development, cities’ demand for green innovation has also been growing. However, relatively little research summarizes the influencing factors of urban green innovation. In this study, we conducted a visual analysis of 1193 research articles on green innovation in cities from the Web of Science core database using bibliometrics and visualization analysis. By analyzing co-occurrence, co-citation, and high-frequency keywords in the literature, we explored the current research status and development trends of influencing factors of urban green innovation and summarized the research in this field. The study found that collaboration among authors and institutions in this field needs to be strengthened to a certain extent. In addition, the study identified the research hotspots and frontiers in the field of urban green innovation, including “management”, “diffusion”, “smart city”, “indicator”, “sustainable city”, “governance”, and “environmental regulation”. Among them, “management”, “governance”, “indicator”, and “internet” are the research frontiers in this field, which are expected to have profound impacts on the future development of urban green innovation. The co-citation analysis results found that China has the highest research output in this field, followed by the United States, England, Australia, and Italy. In conclusion, this study uses CiteSpace software to identify important influencing factors and development trends of urban green innovation. Urban green innovation has gradually become a norm for social and collective behavior in the process of concretization, interdisciplinary development, and technological innovation. These findings have important reference value for promoting research and practice of urban green innovation.

The study focused on investigating the effects of varying levels of HA (HA₁ = 0, HA₂ = 25, HA₃ = 50, HA₄ = 75, and HA₅ = 100) on Red Dragon, Red Prince, and Red Meat varieties of red radish. This analysis aimed to unravel the relationship between different levels of HA and their impact on the growth and productivity of red radish genotypes. The findings revealed that the Red Prince genotype attained the utmost plant height of 24.00 cm, an average of 7.50 leaves per plant, a leaf area of 23.11 cm², a canopy cover of 26.76%, a leaf chlorophyll content of 54.60%, a leaf fresh weight of 41.16 g, a leaf dry weight of 8.20 g, a root length measuring 9.73 cm, a root diameter of 3.19 mm, a root fresh weight of 27.60 g, a root dry weight of 6.75 g, and a remarkable total yield of 17.93 tons per hectare. The implications of this study are poised to benefit farmers within the Dera Ismail Khan Region, specifically in the plain areas of Pakistan, by promoting the cultivation of the Red Prince variety.