The wave effect and the shyness phenomenon in Alnus acuminata (Kunth) are crown parameters rarely studied, but important in the quality of the wood of standing trees, therefore, a morphometric modeling of the crowns of Alnus acuminata in homogeneous forests in the Sierra Norte de Puebla was carried out. In 20 rectangular sites of 1,000 m², the following were evaluated: total height (TA), normal diameter (ND), crown diameter (CD) and crown cover (CC). The Kruskal Wallis test was applied to data that did not meet the assumption of normality; for those that did, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, with Tukey mean comparison tests (α ≤ 0.05). The forest value index was 14.99, so its two-dimensional structure is normal based on DN, AT and CC. Its average slenderness index was 93.52, which makes the tree not very stable to mechanical damage. The life-space index was 38.92, which is high indicating that trees with low intraspecific competition developed better. At the canopy level, a pattern following an upward, oscillatory and constant wave effect was observed in groups of 10 trees. The shyness phenomenon showed an average crack opening of 27.39 cm between canopies, so this phenomenon is well defined for the species. It is concluded that in the crowns of Alnus acuminata, the wave effect is observed as a consequence of inequality in the acquisition of resources, and one way to minimize this inequality is through the phenomenon of botanical shyness.

Global warming is a thermodynamic problem. When excess heat is added to the climate system, the land warms more quickly than the oceans due to the land’s reduced heat capacity. The oceans have a greater heat capacity because of their higher specific heat and the heat mixing in the upper layer of the ocean. Thermodynamic Geoengineering (TG) is a global cooling method that, when deployed at scale, would generate 1.6 times the world’s current supply of primary energy and remove carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere. The cooling would mirror the ostensible 2008–2013 global warming hiatus. At scale, 31,000 1-gigawatt (GW) ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants are estimated to be able to: a) displace about 0.8 watts per square meter (W/m²) of average global surface heat from the surface of the ocean to deep water that could be recycled in 226-year cycles, b) produce 31 terawatts (TW) (relative to 2019 global use of 19.2 TW); c) absorb about 4.3 Gt CO₂ per year from the atmosphere by cooling the surface. The estimated cost of these plants is $2.1 trillion per year, or 30 years to ramp up to 31,000 plants, which are replaced as needed thereafter. For example, the cost of world oil consumption in 2019 was $2.3 trillion for 11.6 TW. The cost of the energy generated is estimated at $0.008/KWh.

The Western capitalist system is an important part of the economy and society of the contemporary world, and it has played a huge role in the past few centuries. Nonetheless, with the continuous development of globalization, technological revolution and social change, the Western capitalist system is also facing a series of difficulties and new changes. This paper aims to explore the dilemma facing the Western capitalist system today, and to analyze and discuss the new changes.

The propagation of plant material in the arracacha crop is commonly done vegetatively through asexual seed, this activity has allowed its multiplication and conservation over time. The plant material available is of low quality, affecting the development and potential yield of the crop and therefore the producer’s income. The objective of the research was to comparatively analyze two technologies for the production of arracacha seed: local technology and Agrosavia technology. The information for the local technology was obtained from surveys applied to farmers and the selection was made using the deterministic sampling technique, and for the Agrosavia technology through the recording of data and production costs in research lots at commercial scale. Descriptive statistics and calculation of economic return indicators were applied for the two situations. The results show that the use of quality seed allows obtaining higher seed production (251,559 unit ha^-1) and tuberous roots (25,875 kg ha^-1), being superior to local technology by 14% and 28% respectively; thus, the arracacha producer acquires greater economic efficiency by obtaining lower unit cost per kilo produced and better net income with a marginal rate of return of 316.45. The results achieved are useful for farmers, companies and entities that wish to produce quality seed and support the arracacha production system in Colombia.