Abstract: The present study investigates the effect of nano-Fe2O3 particles as a micronutrient on the growth of plant seedlings of Mung (Vigna radiate) and Gram (Cicer arietinum) using plant agar method. The laboratory experiment was carried out in the test units comprising of a petri dish and plant agar medium. The plant agar medium used acts as a false soil that supports the seedlings for germination, prevents precipitation of water-insoluble nanoparticles and eliminates the possibility of any nutrients from external sources other than the nano-Fe2O3 particles. Each test unit containing agar media was treated with nano-Fe2O3 particles suspension at different concentrations. The effect of nano-Fe2O3 particle dose-response on root and shoot growth of the seedlings as well as on biomass assay was examined. The results showed that among the various concentrations of nano-Fe2O3 particles studied, a good agronomic value over control was observed only for certain optimum concentration i.e 50 mg/L for mung and 5 mg/L for gram seedlings. Beyond this dose limit the seedling showed retardation in their growth characteristics indicating phytotoxicity.

Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide due to various reasons, including late-stage diagnosis, treatment resistance, and limited therapeutic efficacy. Conventional treatment strategies- surgical resection, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies- pose significant limitations such as poor specificity, systemic toxicity, and disease recurrence, preventing timely treatment. Recent advances in nanotechnology provide promising solutions, particularly in early diagnosis and precision medicine. This review focuses on nanotechnology-based theranostic techniques, including nano biosensing, liquid biopsy innovations, and imaging enhancements. Furthermore, significant improvements in therapeutic strategies, such as nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery and immunomodulation, are discussed, as well as existing challenges and potential prospects. Understanding the potential of these innovations is crucial for establishing more effective, personalized, and minimally invasive strategies for liver cancer management.

Bangladesh’s path to upper-middle-income status by 2041 hinges on transformative infrastructure expansion, with annual investment needs estimated at USD 10–12 billion. Conventional public financing mechanisms are insufficient to meet this demand, especially as external aid flows decline in the post-LDC transition. This study positions Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) not as a supplementary tool, but as a strategic imperative for bridging fiscal gaps, mobilizing private capital, and accelerating infrastructure delivery across transport, energy, and urban services. Building on global PPP models and Bangladesh’s policy evolution since 2010, the study reviews frameworks from the UK, Australia, India, and China. At the same time, the study also examines domestic challenges through reports and field-level experience. It incorporates practitioner insights from the roles in the Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA), the Dhaka Bypass Expressway, and the Planning Commission. The study uses a mixed-method approach combining document analysis, comparative case studies, and implementation experience to highlight the need for bankable project design, transparent procurement, and inclusive governance. It contributes to the policy discourse on development financing and institutional reform, offering strategic recommendations for policymakers, development partners, and civil society. It also shows how PPPs can advance key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including clean energy, decent work, innovation, and urban resilience.