Border cities face significant challenges due to political, environmental, and social issues. Strong urban governance can help resolve many of these problems, but it requires identifying practical factors specific to each city’s location. This study aimed to assess the state of urban governance in Paveh, a border city with a population of 25,771 people. The research used both primary data collection (through a questionnaire) and secondary data sources (local and national databases and documents). The study randomly selected 379 households from Paveh’s population and determined a reliability value of 0.913 using the Cochrane procedure. To assess Paveh’s urban governance, eight criteria were used: participatory, rule-of-law compliance, transparency, responsiveness, consensus-oriented, equitable and inclusive, effective and efficient, and accountability. The findings revealed that Paveh’s urban governance, particularly in the dimensions of transparency and participation, is in an unfavorable situation.

Excessive usage of chemicals in crops, especially in leafy vegetables, caused people exposed to health and environmental risks. In Iran, spinach used as a winter vegetable that believed has high Iron and is useful for anemia. The objective of the experiment was to determine the optimum use of each macronutrients to obtain safe maximum growth and yield for scaling up among farmers. Treatments were chemical fertilizers including ammonium sulfate, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate at 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/h against control in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that nitrogen caused elevation of fresh and dry weight in spinach as the maximum obtained in 200 kg/h ammonium sulfate. Results obtained from effect of phosphorus showed that super phosphate increased fresh and dry weight of spinach; but potassium sulfate had no effect on its growth and yield. Analysis of variance on cross effect of data showed significant differences in fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and nitrate, and non-significant differences in length and wide of leaves.

In the recent years, with global warming and the change in climatic characteristics, buildings and interior arrangements in dry and cold climates, that previously did not have cooling problems, now require built and pre-planned cooling systems as well as heating. On the other hand, the enormous increase in energy consumption and the rapid depletion of energy resources causes concern and anxiety for future generations. In this regard, utilizing natural resources and incorporating sustainable solutions into building design are critical. Vernacular technical systems and design ideas can still be accepted and applied to create sustainable solutions. In this context, design strategies for energy efficiency and provision of physical and spatial comforts could be considered based on traditional architecture. In this study, sustainable building design solutions that have been used in Iran’s vernacular houses, which has four distinct climate zones, aimed to create a paradigm for the general modern passive house designs in the global context. Traditional Iranian residential architecture incorporates architectural features for physical, spatial, and climatic needs, as well as aesthetic comfort for the user. In this manner, user needs and interior space organization in vernacular residential architecture can be considered as a sustainable housing model that meets today’s technology requirements in passive house design.

Carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) have long been a mainstay of the beverage business but changing consumer tastes and rising health awareness have necessitated a thorough study of the variables impacting consumer choices. This study intends to explore the complex web of customer preferences, purchasing behaviour, and perceptions related to carbonated soft drinks. This research analyses how numerous variables, including gender, affect these preferences and choices via careful examination. The purpose of thepresent research is to determine the perception of consumer influencing customer choice preferences for the consumption of carbonated soft drinks, influence of gender and the role of advertisement in finalizing the choice. It would be helpful to do further research to better understand how these highlighted variables affect purchasing choices, especially gender-based variances. The important influence of gender on consumer behaviour has been acknowledged. For this study, a structured questionnaire was distributed through online social media to individuals of 12–45 years of age from the period of April–May 2023. For analysis of the data collected, SPSS 22.0 was used. The study has confirmed that consumption of Coca-Cola is higher than any other soft drink in almost the entire country. The factors like youthfulness, tradition, status symbol and level of carbonation have different influences on the buying behavior of male and female consumers.