In this study, the effect of roasting and boiling on the yield and oxidative stability of soya bean oil was investigated. The oil was soxhlet extracted and the oxidative stability was determined by the free fatty acid value, acid value and peroxide value. The results showed that the oil yield, free fatty acid value, acid value and peroxide value were significantly affected by roasting, boiling, and the thermal treatment time. The percentage oil yield in the control oil sample was 18.51%, which increased to 20.24% and 20.73% after boiling and roasting respectively, at 40mins. The corresponding free fatty acid and the peroxide value of the control oil sample were 0.14% and 2.04 meqO₂/kg, which increased to 0.82% and 6.60 meqO₂/kg by roasting, and 0.47% and 5.62 meqO₂/kg by boiling respectively. Thus the oil yield, free fatty acid value, peroxide value, and acid value increased with increasing roasting and boiling time.
The results indicate that roasting provides a higher oil yield than boiling, but boiled oil has higher oxidative stability than roasted oil.

Water splitting has been one of the potential techniques as a clean and renewable energy resource for the fulfillment of world energy demands. One of the major aspects of this procedure is the exploitation of efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts due to the fact that the water oxidation procedure is accompanied by a delayed reaction. In this research, ZnO-CoFe₂O₄ nanostructure was successfully synthesized via the green method and green resources from cardamom seeds and ginger peels for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The modified Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with ZnO-CoFe₂O₄ is effective for the electrochemical water oxidation interaction since it has sufficient electrical strength and excellent catalytic performance. The creation of rice-like and small granular structures of ZnO-CoFe₂O₄ nano-catalysts was confirmed by characterization methods such as XRD, FESEM, EDS and MAP. According to the achieved results, in the electrolysis of water, with in-cell voltage of 1.40 V and 50 mA cm^–2 for current density in a 0.1 M KOH electrolyte and OER only has 170 mV overpotentials.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) hollow spheres are gaining attention due to their exceptional properties and potential applications in various fields. This study investigates the impact of different zinc precursors Zinc Chloride (ZnCl₂), Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO₃)₂], and Zinc Acetate [Zn(CH₃COO)₂] on the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO hollow spheres. A comprehensive set of characterization techniques, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, was utilized to assess the structural and morphological features of the synthesized materials. Our findings demonstrate that all samples exhibit a high degree of crystallinity with a wurtzite structure, and crystallite sizes range between 34 to 91 nm. Among the different precursors, ZnO derived from Zinc Nitrate showed markedly higher porosity and a well-defined mesoporous structure than those obtained from Zinc Acetate and Zinc Chloride. This research underscores the significance of precursor selection in optimizing the properties of ZnO hollow spheres, ultimately contributing to advancements in the design and application of ZnO-based nanomaterials.

The relationship between aid and corruption remains ambiguous. On the one hand, aid may benefit a country if the aid management system runs efficiently and transparently. On the other hand, aid tends to create new problems, namely corruption, especially in developing countries. This research examines the aid-corruption paradox in Indonesian provinces from a spatial perspective. The data was obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, the National Development Planning Agency of Indonesia, the Corruption Eradication Commission of Indonesia, and the Electronic Procurement Service, referring to 34 Indonesian provinces between 2011 and 2019. The research applies the spatial panel method and uses Haversine distance to construct the weighted matrix. The spatial error model (SEM) is the best for Model 1 (Grants) and Model 2 (Loans) and the best corruption model in Model 3 (Gratification). The spatial autoregressive model (SAR) is the best approach for Model 4 (Public Complaints) and Model 5 (Corruption). The findings show that there is no spatial dependence between provinces in Indonesia in terms of grants or loans. However, corruption in Indonesia is widespread.

Cysteine is one of the body’s essential amino acids to build proteins. For the early diagnosis of a number of diseases and biological issues, L-cysteine (L-Cys) is essential. Our study presents an electrochemical sensor that detects L-cysteine by immobilizing the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme on a reduced graphene oxide (GCE) modified glassy carbon electrode. The morphologies and chemical compositions of synthesized materials were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The modified electrode’s electrochemical behavior was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated HRP/rGO/GCE has better electrocatalytic activity than bare GCE in the oxidation of L-cysteine oxidation in a solution of acetate buffer. The electrochemical sensor had a broad linear range of 0 µM to 1 mM, a 0.32 µM detection limit, and a sensitivity of 6.08 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻². The developed sensor was successfully used for the L-cysteine detection in a real blood sample with good results.

To investigate the possible role of arbuscular mycrrhizal fungi (AMF) in alleviating the negative effects of salinity on Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.), the regenerated plantlets in tissue culture was transferred to pots in greenhouse and inoculated with Glomus intraradices. Salinity caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll content, photosynthesis efficiency and enhanced the electrolyte leakage. The use of AMF in salt –affected plants resulted in improved all above mentioned characteristics. Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased in salt stressed plants while a reduction was observed due to AMF inoculation. CAT activity showed a significant increase up to 2 g/l and then followed by decline at 5 g/l NaCl in both AMF and non-AMF treated stevia, however, AMF inoculated plants maintained lower CAT activity at all salinity levels (2 and 5 g/l). Enhanced POX activities in salt- treated stevia plants were decreased by inoculation of plants with AMF. The addition of NaCl to stevia plants also resulted in an enhanced activity of SOD whilst, AMF plants maintained higher SOD activity at all salinity levels than those of non-AMF inoculated plants. AMF inoculation was capable of alleviating the damage caused by salinity on stevia plants by reducing oxidative stress and improving photosynthesis efficiency.