The rapid advancement of biotechnologies involves human subjects that brings forth intricate ethical, legal, social, and religious challenges. Recent breakthroughs in cloning and stem cell research have generated new hopes as well as presents considerable promise for treating severe diseases and regenerative medicine. In this regard, for advancements in biotechnology to be clinically applicable in medicine, it’s essential to comprehend both scientific principles and ethical implications, taken into consideration the scientific roadblocks impeding advancement in therapeutic cloning such as tumorigenicity, epigenetic reprogramming and interspecies pathogen transfer. As research in this area progresses, it will clarify that stem cells can be obtained from various sources, including therapeutic cloning, which involves cloning embryos from the nuclei of somatic cells or cloning individual organs in the laboratory. This article studies  the legitimacy extent of therapeutic cloning in Islamic Fiqh and comparative law, using the comparative analytical approach. Thus, we have reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the Islamic Fiqh perspective on the illegality of extracting stem cells by creating therapeutic embryos using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). It is deemed unacceptable to create an embryo for the purpose of its development and then destroying it for the purpose of stem cells, as this is unacceptable that turns the human being into a source for spare parts. Conversely, cloning specific organs and tissues in the laboratory for medical purposes is considered permissible, provided that it does not harm anyone or violate their sanctity that is consistent with many comparative laws.

Cases of human trafficking are becoming more prevalent and represent grave abuses of human rights. Both locally and internationally, victims of human trafficking run the danger of being exploited, violent, or infected with contagious illnesses. The Indonesian government has not fully complied with the minimal criteria for safeguarding victims of human trafficking, notwithstanding Law Number 21 of 2007 for the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking. Human rights restoration and respect for victims of human trafficking must be given priority in the implementation of legal protection for these individuals. To strengthen and increase the security of victims’ rights in the future, this study intends to conduct a thorough analysis of the humanism approach model and policies for safeguarding victims of human trafficking. This research uses an empirical technique to support its normative legal analysis. Primary and secondary legal sources are used in this research. The study’s findings show that the protection provided by humanist criminal law for victims of human trafficking is founded on humanitarian principles that derive from the divine principles found in the Pancasila ideology. There are additional requirements for punishment, such as its purpose, its ability to serve as therapy, and its determination to reflect the victim’s and society’s sense of justice. This criminal law is founded on the principles of legality and balance.

Several studies have investigated Islamic endowment (Waqf), but less attention has been given to the application of legal principles of Islamic objectives in the regulation and management of Islamic endowments in Muslim communities. The primary focus of this study is to explore the legal implementation of Maqasidush-Shari’ah or otherwise known as the Objectives of Islamic Law, as evidenced in Islamic charitable endowments. This study employs an analytical research approach (ARA), systematic literature review (SLR) and content analysis (CA) to demonstrate and evaluate how the Waqf institution can be revitalized in contemporary times, drawing parallels with its effective implementation during the formative years of Islam, rooted in the principles of Maqasidush-Shari’ah. The results demonstrate that the efficacy of Waqf typically stems from the societal advantages it offers, derived from the safeguarding of faith, property, life, honour, and lineage, which are fundamental of Maqasidush-Shari’ah or objectives of Islamic law. The study further demonstrated that Islamic endowment has various benefits such as providing grant to the social development and interests to the public. However, various challenges such as knowledge deficit in the application of Shari‘ah principles in Waqf, lack of a developed framework for managing various types of Waqf among others are identified. Nonetheless, effective regulation and management of Waqf applications of Islamic objectives on Waqf. In conclusion, this study has underscored the significant contributions of the Islamic endowment system across various spheres, including social welfare, scientific advancements, economic prosperity, and healthcare, all of which align with the objectives of Islamic legal principles encapsulated in Maqasidush-Shari’ah. Hence, the research ultimately proposes several favourable elements that could bolster the resurgence of Waqf in contemporary times, reviving its significance and societal impact. It is therefore suggested that the stakeholders should enhance understanding of the policies, legal principles, and governance structures governing Waqf as an Islamic charitable foundation, substantiated by Islamic objectives (Maqasidush-Shari’ah).

Using generative artificial intelligence systems in the classroom for law case analysis teaching can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of knowledge delivery. They can create interactive learning environments that are appropriate, immersive, integrated, and evocative, guiding students to conduct case analysis from interdisciplinary and cross-cultural perspectives. This teaching method not only increases students’ interest and participation in learning but also helps cultivate their interdisciplinary thinking and global vision. However, the application of generative artificial intelligence systems in legal education also faces some challenges and issues. If students excessively rely on these systems, their ability to think independently, make judgments, and innovate may be weakened, leading to over-trust in machines and reinforcement of value biases. To address these challenges and issues, legal education should focus more on cultivating students’ questioning skills, self-analysis abilities, critical thinking, basic legal literacy, digital skills, and humanistic spirit. This will enable students to respond to the challenges brought by generative artificial intelligence and ensure their comprehensive development in the new era.

The question of whether legal gun ownership is a positive security factor in the Czech Republic is subject to expert debate and depends on several factors, including available crime data, public attitudes, and the legal framework. Some argue that legal gun ownership can dissuade criminals because they know victims may be armed. Many advocates argue that the right to own guns is a fundamental right that should be protected. Sometimes, it is difficult to clearly demonstrate that legal gun ownership directly contributes to crime reduction. Statistical data can be interpreted in different ways. In contrast, the presence of guns can in some situations escalate conflicts that could otherwise be resolved nonviolently. In the Czech Republic, legal gun ownership is relatively strictly regulated. Citizens must meet the conditions established by law, including criminal integrity and passing a theoretical-practical examination of professional competence. This regulation aims to ensure that only responsible and qualified individuals own guns. Therefore, the presented article discusses legal gun ownership as an internal factor of state security. Using statistical data, it analyses the amount of violent crime committed with firearms in relation to the possibility of holding and carrying a gun in the conditions of the Czech Republic and in selected EU countries. Furthermore, with the help of a questionnaire survey, it identifies that legal gun ownership can be considered a positive safety factor in certain situations, if it is associated with strict regulation and a responsible attitude of gun owners. The resulting effect on security depends on a combination of legal frameworks, gun culture, and effective law enforcement.

The rapid urbanization of Addis Ababa presents significant challenges and opportunities in coordinating the development of physical infrastructure. This study investigates the legal and policy framework for inter-sectorial integration across critical domains such as electricity, roadways, telecommunications, and water management. Drawing on Institutional Theory and policy integration theory, the research employs a comprehensive methodological approach, including documentary analysis, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and observational studies. Through meticulous examination of existing laws, regulations, and institutional structures, the study identifies critical gaps and limitations that impede effective coordination among infrastructure-providing entities. Findings reveal the pressing need for cohesive policies, institutional reforms, and enhanced collaboration to mitigate disruptions and advance sustainable development goals. By situating these findings within the broader discourse on urban infrastructure governance, the research offers valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of infrastructure coordination in rapidly expanding cities. The study underscores the necessity for strategic interventions that promote efficient, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable infrastructure provision. Moreover, the implications of this research extend beyond academia, providing actionable policy and practice recommendations that can inform decision-making processes in Addis Ababa and analogous urban contexts worldwide. This holistic approach facilitates a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between legal frameworks, policy dynamics, and institutional arrangements, thereby laying a robust foundation for informed decision-making and strategic interventions in urban infrastructure development.