Understanding the factors that influence early science achievement is crucial for developing effective educational policies and ensuring equity within the education system. Despite its importance, research on the patterns of young children achieving science learning milestones and the factors that can reduce disparities between students with and without disabilities remains limited. This study analyzes data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Cohort 2011 (ECLS-K: 2011), which includes 18,174 children from 1328 schools across the United States, selected through a complex sampling process and spanning kindergarten to 5th grade. Utilizing survival analysis, the study finds that children with disabilities achieve science milestones later than their peers without disabilities, with these disparities persisting from early grades. The research highlights the effectiveness of center-based programs in enhancing science learning, particularly in narrowing the achievement gap between children with and without disabilities. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on equity in the education system and policy by introducing novel methodologies for assessing the frequency and duration of science learning milestones, and by providing insights into effective strategies that support equitable science education.

The integration of chatbots in the financial sector has significantly improved customer service processes, providing efficient solutions for query management and problem resolution. These automated systems have proven to be valuable tools in enhancing operational efficiency and customer satisfaction in financial institutions. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review on the impact of chatbots in customer service within the financial sector. A review of 61 relevant publications from 2018 to 2024 was conducted. Articles were selected from databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ARDI, Web of Science, and ProQuest. The findings highlight that efficiency and customer satisfaction are central to the perception of service quality, aligning with the automation of the user experience. The bibliometric analysis reveals a predominance of publications from countries such as India, Germany, and Australia, underscoring the academic and practical relevance of the topic. Additionally, essential thematic terms such as “artificial intelligence” and “advanced automation” were identified, reflecting technological evolution in this field. This study provides significant insights for future theoretical, practical, and managerial developments, offering a framework to optimize chatbot implementation in highly regulated environments.

Lighting conditions in learning spaces can affect students’ emotions and influence their performance. This research seeks to verify the influence of classroom lighting on students’ academic performance under different conditions and measurement forms. The research method is based on the systematic review of research articles establishing case analyses characterizing lighting intensity and color temperature to determine ranges favorable to a higher level of attention and long-term memory. Also, this study shows relevant aspects of the cases representative of a sustainable solution and proposes a research model. The study found light intensity values between 350 and 1000 lux and color temperatures between 4000 and 5250 Kelvin that favor attention. Long-term memory reached the highest levels of measurement by analyzing different parameters sensitive to lighting conditions and questionnaires. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that an adequate light intensity and color temperature based on the greatest possible amount of natural light complemented with Light Emitting Diode (LED) light generates optimal lighting for the classroom, achieving energy efficiency in a sustainable solution and promoting student well-being and performance.

5G technology is transforming healthcare by enhancing precision, efficiency, and connectivity in diagnostics, treatments, and remote monitoring. Its integration with AI and IoT is set to revolutionize healthcare standards. This study aims to establish the state of the art in research on 5G technology and its impact on healthcare innovation. A systematic review of 79 papers from digital libraries such as IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate was conducted, covering publications from 2018 to 2024. Among the reviewed papers, China and India emerge as leaders in 5G health-related publications. Scopus, Springer Link, and IEEE Xplore house the majority of first-quartile (Q1) papers, whereas Science Direct and other sources show a higher proportion in the second quartile (Q2) and lower rankings. The predominance of Q1 papers in Scopus, Springer Link, and IEEE Xplore underscores these platforms’ influence and recognition, reflecting significant advancements in both practice and theory, and highlighting the expanding application of 5G technology in healthcare.

The use of firearms, their frequency, and legitimacy through self-defence and extreme necessity are socially relevant in Czechia and Slovakia. Legal firearm ownership for defence purposes impacts overall social security, influenced by factors like firearm legislation, cultural traditions, legal awareness, and violent crime rates. Understanding this issue requires considering subjective interpretations, even among security experts. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of self-defence and extreme necessity from criminal law, alongside practical implications supported by police statistics on violent crimes involving firearms in Czechia and Slovakia. It also includes a comparison with selected EU countries. The authors’ research uses a questionnaire to assess attitudes towards choosing defensive firearms, preparation for firearms licensure, and potential support for state security forces. The findings provide insights into legal firearm owners’ behaviours and attitudes toward defence and security. The study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of firearm use for self-defence, correlating training, weapon preferences, and willingness to enhance state security.

In today’s fast-moving, disrupted business environment, supply chain risk management is crucial. More critically, Industry 4.0 has conferred competitive advantages on supply chains through the integration of digital technologies into manufacturing and logistics, but it also implies several challenges and opportunities regarding the management of these risks. This paper looks at some ways emerging technologies, especially Artificial Intelligence (AI), help address pressing concerns about the management of risk and sustainability in logistics and supply chains. The study, using a systemic literature review (SLR) backed by a mapping study based on the Scopus database, reveals the main themes and gaps of prior studies. The findings indicate that AI can substantially enhance resilience through early risk identification, optimizing operations, enriching decision-making, and ensuring transparency throughout the value chain. The key message from the study is to bring out what technology contributes to rendering supply chains resilient against today’s uncertainties.