Science and technology play an extremely important part in today’s world. They are the key for countries to reach a certain level of economic and social development. Thus, in order to catch up with the common development of mankind, countries have issued their own policies and laws on science and technology activities. National science and technology policies aim to enhance social welfare, foster sustainable development, and advance global scientific and technological progress. Vietnam is considered as one of the countries attaching great importance to science and technology. Therefore, even in the law with the highest legal value—the Constitution has solemnly recognized the position and role of science and technology as the leading national policy, playing a major role in the cause of the country’s socio-economic development. However, in the face of the requirements of sustainable development and the desire for the country’s prosperity and strength, policies and laws on science and technology in particular and policies and laws in general of Vietnam must be perfected and renewed continuously, especially in the context of globalization and sustainable development requirements, modern nation as it is today. Therefore, the article focuses on clarifying the situation of adjusting policies and laws on science and technology in Vietnam during the past, thereby proposing new complete solutions in the coming time. This is the basis for policy makers to refer to in the process of developing policies and laws on science and technology in Vietnam.

During crisis events, the government implements many policies to control the development of the crisis and stimulate the economy damaged by the crisis. The government plays a very important role during the crisis. The stock market is a reflection of a country’s economic situation. This article takes the Chinese government policies during the COVID-19 crisis as the research object and analyzes the impact of government policies on the CSI300 index. The following conclusion is drawn: not all government restrictions will cause a decline in stock market prices, among which the Wuhan lockdown policy has promoted the rise of the CSI300 index. The two stimulus policies implemented by the Chinese government are both conducive to the rise of CSI300 index. During the COVID-19 crisis, investors holding high assets, high leverage, and low profitability companies will be significantly negatively affected after the government implements restrictive policies. After the government implements stimulus policies, investors holding high asset and high leverage companies will suffer losses. Investors who hold low asset, low leverage, and high profitability companies will have profits. And this article also finds that the size of company assets is an important driving factor for abnormal returns.

Poverty, as a phenomenon, remains an obstacle to global sustainable development. Although a universal malaise, it is more prevalent in underdeveloped countries, including Nigeria. However, because of its devastating impacts on the Nigerian economy, such as increasing death rates, high crime rates, insecurity difficulties, threats to national cohesion, and so on, successive administrations have implemented poverty alleviation programs to mitigate the consequences of this disease. Worryingly, despite a multiplicity of projects and massive human and natural resources invested to match global standards, Nigeria remains impoverished. The curiosity at how these programs fail, either because of implementation hiccups or because elites’ wealth and power influence these programs spurred the paper to assess poverty alleviation policies and elitist approaches in Nigeria. The study employed the desk study approach, as it examined secondary sources such as books, journals, articles, and magazines. Its theoretical underpinning was the elite theory. The paper discovered that several factors such as corruption, the elitist nature of the policies which in disguise reflect public interests, lack of continuity, lack of coordination and monitoring system, misappropriation of public resources, and others, led to the poor performances of government in alleviating poverty in Nigeria. The paper concludes that, while the rate of poverty index in Nigeria rises year after year, poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria have had little or no influence on the Nigerian economy, since most of these projects are purely reflective of the elites’ interests rather than the masses. Therefore, the paper recommends that for there to be a reduction in poverty incidence in Nigeria, a holistic developmental approach should be adopted, the policies formulated and implemented should sync with the needs of the citizens, and quality and viable programs should be sustained and financed irrespective of change in government; public accountability should be instilled; proper coordination and monitoring system should be domesticated, etc.

The primary objective of this paper is to explore the impact of household policies in both Saudi Arabia and Nigeria towards achieving efficient and sustainable economic growth in the 21st century. Fundamentally, the objective of the study was sparked by the basic factors of comparison the importance of culture in international relations, challenges related to terrorism which impede adequate implementations of economic policies, trade facilitation and logistics to enhance economic growth and cross-border movement of goods and services. Systematic literature review (SLR) and content analysis (CA) were used as methodological approaches of the paper. The articles explored for review were accessed using visualization of similarities (VOS) by exploring different database such as: journals, core collection of Web of Science (WOS), peer review sources and library sources. The findings demonstrated that Saudi Arabia and Nigeria have different policies regarding households in achieving sustainable economic growth. On one hand, in Saudi Arabia, the focus is on the economic burden associated with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the out-of-pocket spending among individuals diagnosed with these diseases. In addition, the study found that households with older and more educated members, an employed head of household, higher socioeconomic status, health insurance coverage, and urban residency had significantly higher out-of-pocket expenditure in achieving sustainable economic development. On the other hand, Nigeria’s policy is centered around trade liberalization and its impact on household welfare as an integral part of sustainable economic development. The policies implemented in Saudi Arabia and Nigeria have implications for the well-being of their citizens. In Saudi Arabia, the household policies have significantly impacted the quality of life (QoL) of households, particularly those with low income, large size, male-led, urban, and with elderly heads. In Nigeria, trade liberalization policies have mixed welfare implications for households in the aspects of real income, they also induce unemployment in key sectors, such as agriculture and industry. To mitigate negative effects, it is suggested that Saudi Arabia should effectively address chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the households while Nigeria should efficiently pursue trade liberalization on a sectorial basis, focusing on sectors that do not severely undermine household welfare.

The new cases of HIV/AIDS are being reported in Indonesia tend to increase. for over two decades, the Indonesian government has issued policies to reduce the number of cases through several ministries and local governments, but the results have not indicated signs of success. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the failure of prevention policies to improve policymaking in the future. It focuses on policy and institutional substance aspects using a qualitative design with documentary analysis approach. The results show that the policy failure in dealing with cases is caused by inappropriate rationalization, medicalization, and weak institutional and regulatory roles. Based on these descriptions, stakeholders are expected to emphasize a multi-perspective and holistic approach and rationalize policy objectives with institutional capacity. Moreover, the government needs to increase public and community involvement, strengthening the role of religious leaders and the media, and increase public literacy regarding HIV/AIDS.