With its inherent characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and transparency, blockchain technology presents a promising opportunity to revolutionize the South African food supply chains. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, immutable, and secure nature, offers solutions to these challenges by improving traceability and accountability across the supply chain. This study investigates the role of blockchain technology in enhancing transparency in the food supply chain among small and medium enterprises in South Africa. SMEs form a critical part of the country's agri-food sector but face challenges such as food fraud, inefficient inventory management, and lack of transparency, which impact food safety and trust. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, utilizing the Technology-Organization-Environment framework and Institutional Theory to explain blockchain adoption among SMEs. The results demonstrate that blockchain-enabled practices, such as smart contracts, records traceability, production tracking, and distribution monitoring, significantly enhance supply chain transparency. The findings highlight blockchain's potential to increase operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder trust. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners, emphasizing the need for regulatory support and strategic investment in blockchain solutions to promote sustainability and competitiveness in the agri-food sector.

Cyclically, the debate on Keynes’ economic policies reemerge. The economic impact of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 has relaunched the discussion about the importance of Keynesian policies, the multipliers effects, and their impact on stimulating economies. This paper aims to analyze the importance and relevance of the Keynesian multiplier before the pandemic, in a period without experiencing exceptional aggregate shocks. The main focus of the research is to examine the shortcomings of the public investment multiplier, which plays a central role in Keynesian theory. Despite the undeniable relevance of the concept, the issue is to understand the extent to which the multiplier is still relevant in specific contexts. The research presents empirical evidence which suggests that the effects of public investment depend on structural characteristics of economies specifically trade liberalization, the dimension of internal markets, the question of countries having the freedom to issue their currency, and the issue of currencies being accepted as an international reserve. A sample of 35 OECD countries was used for the period 2010–2018. The Keynesian public investment multiplier was calculated for several countries and the obtained values were related to various correlations carried out to assess the relationship between public investment, national income, and specific characteristics of the economies to which the multipliers are sensitive. The results obtained contrast in terms of short-term and long-term impacts so, is at least dubious, that one can rely on Keynesian public policies to boost economies at least in the absence of substantial shocks to aggregate demand.

In Ecuador, although regulations on curricular adaptations are clearly defined, Physical Education teachers face challenges at the micro-curricular level in adapting their classes to meet the needs of students with disabilities, specific learning difficulties, and vulnerable situations. The objective of this study was to analyze the presence and characteristics of specific curricular adaptations for Physical Education on a global scale. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, covering studies from the Scopus database. A total of 112 articles were identified, and 16 that met the inclusion criteria were selected. These studies addressed curricular adaptations in Physical Education across five dimensions: teaching methodology, inclusive assessment, access to resources, accessible environments, and learning content, with a focus on students with disabilities. It was concluded that the combination of access adaptations, methodological strategies, and curricular content modifications enhances the inclusion and participation of students with disabilities. Interventions with these simultaneous adaptations achieved levels of satisfaction, self-efficacy, and holistic development, influenced by the geographical and cultural context.

As the most basic cultural venue and an important public space in rural areas, the rural museum is not only an important carrier to realize the national strategy of rural revitalization, but also a key link to open up the "last kilometer" of spiritual prosperity in the common prosperity between urban and rural areas. As one of the three pilot provinces for the construction of rural museums under the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, Zhejiang Province has listed rural museums as one of the top ten practical matters for people's livelihood, and took the lead in issuing the Zhejiang Provincial Rural Museum Construction Guide (Trial) at the national level. The construction of rural museums in Zhejiang province has entered a new stage. The paper extracts and summarizes the common problems, successful experiences and typical cases existing in the actual development process of Zhejiang rural museums, and constructs the "Zhejiang paradigm" for the sustainable development of rural museums with promotion value and demonstration significance, providing Zhejiang experience for the sustainable development of national rural museums.

Industrial heritage is a legacy from the past that we live with today and pass on to future generations. The economic value of this heritage can be defined as the amount of welfare that it generates for society, and this value should not be ignored. However, current research based on economic analysis has mostly focused on qualitative statements instead of quantitative assessment. This study proposes an innovative methodology combining qualitative (field research) and quantitative (willingness to pay and contingent valuation) methods to assess the economic value of industrial heritage. The industrial heritage of Tangshan, China, was chosen as a case study, and the research found that museums and cultural creative parks are effective ways to conserve industrial heritage. The entrance fee can be used to represent the economic value of the heritage site. There was a positive correlation between the influence of economic value and the entrance fees residents would prefer to pay. The results indicate the locals would prefer lower entrance fees for the transformed heritage museums (The average current cost: $2.23). Locals were most concerned about the entrance fees for the Kailuan Coal Mine and Qixin Cement Plant Museums, which have both been renewed as urban landmarks for city tourism. Renewal methods have been applied to six industrial heritage sites in Tangshan; these sites have their own conservation and renewal practices based on city-level development or industrial attributes. Thus, when residents recognize the economic value of a heritage site, they are willing to pay a higher entrance fee. This research demonstrates the economic value of industrial heritage using a mixed methods approach and provides a basis for assessing the value of cultural heritage for urban tourism analysis.