The small and medium tourism enterprises sector has experienced a decline in Indonesia’s economic conditions in recent years. This research aims to advise stakeholders regarding factors that must be considered and included in future policy formulation. The research methodology is a mixed method supported by the N-Vivo computer program, interview studies, and FGD. This research focuses on four tourism provinces in Indonesia. The research results using thematic analysis identified 133 codes, 19 categories, nine core themes, and one impact theme. This research’s novelty highlights that government policy’s effects on tourism SME marketing are not significant due to weak support. Apart from that, partnerships and collaboration between the central regional government and tourism SMEs are the main factors determining their development at the regional level. This research concludes that government intervention and support in encouraging the growth and sustainability of tourism SMEs are necessary. The Government must promote collaboration between tourism SMEs because increasing the number of tourists is crucial, as well as encouraging sustainable marketing practices and simplifying regulations. The recommendation is that the Government immediately simplify regulations, expand partnerships and collaboration, and promote innovation in tourism SMEs. By implementing these recommendations, policymakers can create an environment that supports the development of tourism SMEs, allowing the tourism sector to increase GRDP.

This study explores the impact of environmental degradation on public debt in the largest Southeast Asian (ASEAN-5) countries. Prior research has not examined environmental degradation as a possible determinant of public debt in the ASEAN region. As such, the primary objective is to examine key determinants of public debt, notably economic growth, trade openness, investment, and environmental degradation. Utilizing the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method and data from 1996 to 2021, the study reveals a negative correlation between investment and public debt. Conversely, a positive relationship exists between economic growth, environmental degradation, and public debt levels. These findings hold significant implications for policymakers seeking to craft effective economic and environmental strategies to ensure sustainable development in the ASEAN-5 region. Stronger economic growth can drive up public debt. Importantly, the study highlights the importance of tailored approaches, considering each country’s unique fiscal and developmental characteristics. Applying the Two-Gap Model enhances the understanding of these complex dynamics in shaping public debt and its relationship with environmental factors.

Scientists have harnessed the diverse capabilities of nanofluids to solve a variety of engineering and scientific problems due to high-temperature predictions. The contribution of nanoparticles is often discussed in thermal devices, chemical reactions, automobile engines, fusion processes, energy results, and many industrial systems based on unique heat transfer results. Examining bioconvection in non-Newtonian nanofluids reveals diverse applications in advanced fields such as biotechnology, biomechanics, microbiology, computational biology, and medicine. This study investigates the enhancement of heat transfer with the impact of magnetic forces on a linearly stretched surface, examining the two-dimensional Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanofluids based on blood. The research explores the influence of velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism profile on fluid flow assumptions. This investigation utilizes blood as the primary fluid for nanofluids, introducing nanoparticles like zinc oxide  and titanium dioxide (. The study aims to explore their interactions and potential applications in the field of biomedicine. In order to streamline the complex scheme of partial differential equations (PDEs), boundary layer assumptions are employed. Through appropriate transformations, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) and their associated boundary conditions are transformed into a dimensionless representation. By employing a local non-similarity technique with a second-degree truncation and utilizing MATLAB’s built-in finite difference code (bvp4c), the modified model’s outcomes are obtained. Once the calculated results and published results are satisfactorily aligned, graphical representations are used to illustrate and analyze how changing variables affect the fluid flow characteristics problems under consideration. In order to visualize the numerical variations of the drag coefficient and the Nusselt number, tables have been specially designed. Velocity profile of -blood and -blood decreases for increasing values of  and , while temperature profile increases for increasing values of  and . Concentration profile decreases for increasing values of , and microorganism profile increases for increasing values of . For rising values of  and  the drag coefficient increases and the Nusselt number decreases for rising values of  and  The model introduces a novel approach by conducting a non-similar analysis of the Darchy-Forchheimer bioconvection flow of a two-dimensional blood-based nanofluid in the presence of a magnetic field.

Twenty-two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes were examined for correlation and path analysis in the randomized block design under open field conditions. Total fruit yield showed a significant positive correlation with the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, lycopene content, and percent seedling survival in the field at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. A strong correlation between these characters revealed that selection based on these characters would consequently improve the total fruit yield. Path analysis showed that the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, percent seedling survival in the nursery, and number of locules per fruit exhibited high positive direct phenotypic effects on total fruit yield, whereas the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, percent seedling survival in the field, and pollen viability had very high positive direct genotypic effects. Therefore, to increase the yield, it would be profitable to prioritize these traits in the selection program.

Infrared thermal imaging technology is another new branch for medical imaging after traditional medical imaging technologies such as X-ray, ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MRI). It has the advantages of noninvasive, nondestructive, simple and fast. Its application can radiate multiple clinical departments. This paper mainly expounds the principle, influencing factors of medical infrared thermography and its application in radiation protection and other medical fields.