Textile fiber waste in Pakistan is significantly produced; however, studies are needed to direct the reuse or recycling. This study demonstrated the preliminary market- based survey findings in the production of pre-consumer textile fiber waste, its collection, and the possible reuse in developing a new garment. Presently, this waste is mainly disposed of through burning or landfilling, creating an increased environmental footprint. This survey enhances the understanding of textile waste production for collecting, sorting and using in new garment making. The waste is collected from 35 commercial places in Karachi. Collected fabric pieces were used in the garment design by patchwork, and one case is demonstrated. The use of fiber dimensions, type, color, and variety found in the survey was demonstrated through a case study. It was found that the pre-consumer textile waste can be used in garment development through patch or applique designs. Several case studies were performed to apply waste fabric pieces in the design and development of fashion garments. Finally, one case study is demonstrated using patchwork to show the importance of waste fabric in garment making.

This work describes the design and TCAD-based simulation of a high-speed self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetector based on a heavily p-type doped multi-layer graphene (p⁺-MLG) and lightly n-type doped ZnO nanowires (n⁻-ZnO NWs) heterojunction. The device structure is based on the utilization of the high built-in electric field across the heterointerface for effective carrier separation to support both self-biasing and photoconductive operations. Simulated outcomes show rectifying characteristics with a dark-mode and light-mode rectification ratios of 8.5 × 10³ and 5.2 × 10², respectively. Spectral response demonstrates a maximum photocurrent-to-dark current ratio at 350 nm. The device has an external quantum efficiency (QE) of 55.43%, maximum responsivity (R_i) of 0.16 A/W, detectivity (D^*) of 2.44 × 10⁹ Jones, and rapid photoswitching times with both rise time and fall time of 0.16 ns. Compared to previously reported graphene/ZnO photodetectors, the proposed heterostructure demonstrates enhanced photoswitching speed and efficient self-powered operation due to the optimized heterojunction design and strong internal electric field. p⁺-MLG/n⁻-ZnO NWs integration facilitates UV detection with mechanical flexibility and low power consumption, which makes the device of great interest for wearable and biomedical sensing devices.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are increasingly recognized for their potential to enhance plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. In this study, TiO₂ NPs were synthesized via a modified sol–gel method. The successful formation of anatase TiO₂-NPs with uniformly quasi-spherical morphology was confirmed using multiple characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of foliar application of prepared TiO₂ NPs at 100 and 150 ppm on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) grown under salt stress (100 ppm NaCl). The target variables evaluated included plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, sugar content, and proline accumulation to determine the role of TiO₂ NPs in salt stress mitigation. Salinity negatively affected all measured agronomic and physiological traits; however, treatment with TiO₂ NPs mitigated these adverse effects. Treated plants exhibited improved plant growth and yield-related characteristics, alongside higher concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. Among the tested concentrations, 150 ppm TiO₂ NPs showed the most pronounced improvement in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and yield performance under saline conditions. These findings indicate that foliar application of TiO₂ NPs, particularly at 150 ppm, may play an important role in alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity stress on okra. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA to assess the effects of variety, treatment, and their interaction, followed by Tukey’s HSD test for mean separation at p ≤ 0.05 using IBM SPSS Statistics.

This research considers the impact of a point/line heat source/sink on steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flows in a vertical channel subjected to a transverse magnetic field with a thermal boundary condition of the third-kind thermal (Robin) boundary conditions. A constant point/line heat source/sink generates convection current within the flow. The governing dimensional equations regulating the physical situation at hand are presented in dimensionless form with the associated boundary conditions. Exact solutions are derived for the momentum and energy equations using the Laplace transform technique. The effects of key controlling parameters involved in flow formations are studied, such as the magnetic parameter, point/line heat source/sink parameter and Biot number on flow behaviour are analyzed. MATLAB software is employed to obtain line graphical and tabular results. The findings indicate that lower values of the Biot number account for reduced heat transfer to the surroundings, whilst higher values lead to higher surface heat transfer. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate, frictional drag force and mass flow rate retard as the line heat source/sink approaches a point heat source. In addition, the mass flow rate increases by almost 49% as the interval between the line heat source increases. for both equal and unequal values of the Biot number. There is remarkable agreement between the current results and the previously published studies.

To improve the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanolayers, we used doping with gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles. The nanolayers were prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The surface morphology of the nanolayers was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the roughness and surface properties of the samples were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the crystal structure of the nanolayers. Also, the absorption spectra of the nanolayers were measured using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Their absorption and band gap changes were investigated and compared. A high increase in the absorption rate of nanolayers, especially compared to previous studies, was observed in the obtained results. The photocatalytic activity of the nanolayers was analyzed using the ISO-10678:2010 method for photonic efficiency, and the effect of doped elements in the structure of the nanolayers was studied. The results showed that doping titanium dioxide with metallic elements such as copper, silver, and gold significantly improves the photonic efficiency of nanolayers.

This study examines the role of social media in shaping public trust in government decisions in Kazakhstan. The research aims to assess the level of public confidence in government decisions through a content analysis of public opinion poll results and social media messages. The study employs a sociological survey method combined with text analysis of poll data and online communications. The findings reveal specific patterns in the interpretation and presentation of public opinion polls on social media, including limitations related to methodological transparency and expert engagement. Based on the results, a set of practical recommendations is proposed to enhance the effectiveness of public administration through improved communication strategies, increased transparency, and greater consideration of citizens’ opinions. The study contributes to the development of participatory governance and digital public communication.