The utilization of digital tools in agricultural extension has facilitated information delivery through non-face-to-face interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to map the variation in digital tools used by agricultural extension workers to access and deliver information and analyse the outcomes of farmers’ adoption. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with agricultural extension workers at 11 Agricultural Extension Centers. The data were processed using the N-Vivo qualitative data analysis software. The results showed that extension workers combined various digital tools as sources of extension materials and channels for delivering information to farmers. Although social interaction between agricultural extension workers and farmers occurred non-face-to-face, messages could be adopted by farmers and yield tangible outcomes. This was reflected in the asynchronous communication, allowing extension workers sufficient time to improve the quality of the delivered messages. Farmers also had sufficient time to review the received information content in this context repeatedly. These results implied that although extension content is delivered through non-face-to-face interaction, it can still drive adoption with significant outcomes.

This article aims to explore the training model of preschool physical education teachers based on the theory of "space, capital, and habits". Preschool physical education plays an important role in the development of children's physical fitness and cognitive abilities. This article first introduces the theory of "space, capital, and habits", including its definition and core concepts, as well as its application value in teacher training. Subsequently, a training model for preschool physical education teachers based on this theory was proposed, which includes three elements: space, capital, and habits. In terms of space, it is emphasized to create an environment and place conducive to the professional development of preschool physical education teachers, such as the construction of training institutions and internship bases, and the support of teaching environment and resources. In terms of capital, emphasis is placed on cultivating the professional knowledge and abilities of preschool physical education teachers, including curriculum design and teaching methods, teacher team construction, and professional development mechanisms. In terms of habits, emphasis is placed on cultivating the professional literacy and educational attitude of preschool physical education teachers, including practical links and social participation, evaluation and feedback mechanisms. This training model aims to improve the quality and effectiveness of preschool physical education teacher training, and provide theoretical guidance and practical suggestions for preschool physical education teacher training.

In order to further alleviate the problems of large assessment deviations, low efficiency of trading organisation and difficulties in system optimisation in medium- and long-term market trading, the article proposes an optimisation model for continuous intra-month bidding trading in the electricity market that takes into account risk hedging. Firstly, the current situation of market players’ participation in medium and long-term trading is analysed; secondly, the impact of contract trading on reducing operational risks is analysed based on the application of hedging theory in the primary and secondary markets; finally, the continuous bidding trading mechanism is designed and its optimisation effect is verified. The proposed model helps to improve the efficiency of contract trading in the secondary market, maintain the stability of market players’ returns and accelerate the formation of a unified, open, competitive and well-governed electricity market system.

This study aimed to explore university students' awareness levels about entrepreneurship's role in promoting entrepreneurship in acquiring social and economic balance within Emirati society. A descriptive-analytical method was used, with data gathered from 365 participants through a questionnaire. The findings revealed that university students demonstrated a strong awareness of the impact of entrepreneurship on achieving entrepreneurship in acquiring social and economic balance equilibrium in the UAE. In particular, students from Ajman University expressed highly positive views on the entrepreneurship in fostering this balance. Additionally, the results showed no significant statistical differences in awareness levels based on gender or academic year. However, there were notable differences between students in scientific and humanities colleges, with the significance level below 0.05. The study recommends supporting students in launching entrepreneurial initiatives that contribute to entrepreneurship in acquiring social and economic development. Moreover, efforts should be made to eliminate barriers that hinder the understanding and practice of entrepreneurship.

With the continuous development of educational information technology, college English teaching is gradually transitioning to digital and informational. This article discusses and researches the application of educational information technology, the impact of educational information technology on student learning outcomes, changes and reasons in learning methods, and the construction of college English teaching staff under educational information technology. It is believed that conducting effective research on college English teaching under educational information technology will not only help improve the level of college English teaching, but also promote the development of educational informationization.