Objective To understand the status quo of problem behavior of children in Henan Province, and to explore the applicability of the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) norm test in 3-6 years old children. Methods A total of 775 children aged 3-6 years old in Henan Province were selected to measure their problem behavior by using PSQ. The difference and consistency of the detection rate of Chinese and American norms were analyzed, and the difference between the average score of problem behavior of children in Henan Province and the average score of each factor of the two norms was studied. Results (1) The impulsive-hyperactivity index of boys was significantly higher than that of girls; Children's learning problems show a significant age difference, and the older the children, the higher the score of learning problems; Non-only children show more impulsive-hyperactivity, hyperactivity problems than only children. (2) There are significant differences between the Chinese norm and the American norm in the detection rates of learning problems, impulsive-hyperactivity, anxiety and hyperactivity index. (3) The PSQ scores of children in Henan Province were significantly different from most factors of Chinese and American norm PSQ. Conclusion There are differences in the problem behavior of young children in Henan Province in terms of gender, age, and whether they are only children. The consistency of Chinese and American PSQ norms is poor, and they are no longer applicable to young children in contemporary Henan Province.

This article examines the female figures in Eileen Chang’s works, exploring their female consciousness in different social environments and historical backgrounds, as well as the influence of Eileen Chang’s legendary experiences on their formation. This article delves into the female consciousness depicted in Eileen Chang’s works, revealing her contributions to modern Chinese literature and social culture. The female consciousness in Eileen Chang’s works reflects her concern for the status of women and serves as a critique of patriarchal society and feudal culture. The female characters portrayed by Eileen Chang exhibit strong individuality and self-awareness, yet they still struggle to break free from the constraints of patriarchal society and feudal culture, losing themselves in the “foreign enclave society”. Eileen Chang’s legendary life greatly impacted the development of her female consciousness.

The study examines the relationship between EPS and the gearing ratios and return on equity (ROE) ratio of 9 public listed firms on the Malaysian Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2022 financial years. The firms are selected at random. From this study it was established that there is a negative relation between EPS and gearing and a positive relation between EPS and ROE. Companies that want to attract more investors need to keep their gearing ratio low and increase the return on equity ratio high. To obtain the benefits of gearing or external funding, there need to be a balance between equity and debts. There is no one optimal balance between debt and equity. This balance is difference for each company and the sector they operate in. It is important for managers of companies to find the optimal balance between debt and equity, unique to their company.

New Institutional Economics (NIE) uses solutions from law, economics and organization. The purpose of this article is to link in a single analytical approach the institutional environment, its change in the organizations uniting in one, what is happening in contracts with agricultural lands. The explanation of this type of governance means to integrate: theoretical definitions; formal rules (laws, court decisions and other legal acts); economic institutions—means and mechanisms of exchange; legal and economic forms in which, through governance of transactions property rights are transferred and protected. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to present the elements of the institutional matrix that are the cause of changes in subordination and coordination. Following the process of implementing an approach for reconciling the legal and economic nature of the contract forms and integrating the states, contract organizations and transaction costs in a common model. In order to solve the research problems tasks are adapted methods from law, economics, statistics. Such are: (a) positive legal analysis of legislation; (b) historical (retrospective) method of analysis of changes; (c) discrete-structural analysis to explain the process; (d) comparative-institutional analysis to clarify alternatives and an explanation of any of the effects; (е) regression analysis to model the relationships and present possible one’s scenarios to show the direction in which changes are needed. Changes in legislation, legal forms, mechanisms and the amount of payments create new behavioral patterns that change the contract. Therefore, in retrospect, we are witnessing how the number of changes in legal acts, the amount of fees; the number of participants-administrators of the processes; the number and registers - change the number of transactions; the duration of the actions in the contracts, which ultimately predetermines the different amounts of transaction costs for agricultural lands. This interdependence was established by constructing an econometric model. The analysis presents opportunities for change that would lead to scenarios with a reduced level of transaction costs, that is, improving governance and showing the way to improve the institutional environment related to agricultural lands in Bulgaria.

Women’s financial literacy and financial inclusion have gained prominence in recent years. Despite progress, knowledge and access to finance remain common barriers for women, especially in emerging economies. Globally, domestic and economic violence has been recognized as a relevant social concern from a gender perspective. In this context, financial literacy and financial inclusion are considered to play a key role in reducing violence against women by empowering them with the necessary knowledge to manage their financial resources and make informed decisions. This study aims to evaluate the determinants that influence Peruvian female university students’ financial literacy and financial inclusion. To this end, a theoretical behavioral model is proposed, and a survey is applied to 427 female university students. The results are analyzed using a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The results validate all the proposed hypotheses and highlight significant relationships between financial literacy and women’s financial inclusion. A relevant relationship between financial attitude and financial behavior is also observed, as well as the influence of financial behavior and financial self-efficacy on financial literacy. The results also reveal that women feel capable of making important financial decisions for themselves and consider that financial literacy could help reduce gender-based violence. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications are raised. It highlights the proposal of a theoretical model based on antecedents, statistically validated in a sample of women in Peru, which lays the foundation for understanding financial literacy and financial inclusion in the Latin American region.

The present research focuses on researching the impact of the diverse communication media that facilitate or develop Student Motivation and Engagement in the educational systems of the states in the Gulf, especially Oman. The main goal of this work is to determine which type of method is most effective in encouraging students in view of cultural and technological factors present in the region. Comparisons using hypothesis testing and structural models which provided higher T value for Technology-Based Communication Methods (TBCM) and Human Face-to-Face Communication Methods (HFtFCM). Next, the research hypothesis H2 that TBCM has a direct positive relationship with SMaE was supported by the following regression coefficients: β = 0.177, t = 4.493; p = 0.000. On the other hand, there was no effect of HFtFCM on SMaE as indicated by a regression coefficient of 0.056 (p < 0.124) for this hypothesis and therefore, this hypothesis was rejected. The analysis using the mediator of Student Perception of Communication Effectiveness (SPoCE) only partly mediates TBCM and SMaE (β = 0.047, t = 3.737, p = 0.000). However, SPoCE was found not to moderate the relationship between HFtFCM and SMaE (β = −0.01, t = 1.125, p = 0.005). The present study underlines the efficiency of TBCM in the area of student engagement, while face-to-face conversation does not play significant part in this process. The obtain results conclude that, the traditional and technological evolution in the Gulf region supports the adoption of TBCM in educational systems. Such approaches support with the technological learning and likings of students, offering greater flexibility and engagement. Educational systems must highlight TBCM to better meet the growing needs of their student, while identifying that face-to-face remains important, though secondary, in energetic motivation.