This paper proposes an incentive model to involve communities and industries in effectively managing coastal waste in Makassar, Indonesia. The model seeks to incentivize stakeholders to invest in waste management solutions and enable public stakeholders to monitor and evaluate the progress of waste management activities. The model actively encourages participation from all stakeholders and builds upon existing efforts to promote environmental accountability. The proposed model includes several key components. It focused on public and private partnerships that should be fostered to coordinate stakeholder approaches and provide capital investment. It also focused on a financial reward scheme that should be adopted to incentivize businesses and individuals that invest in waste management initiatives. Performance bonus awards and tax incentives are proposed as possible incentive schemes. Lastly, a regulatory framework should be developed to ensure environmental standards are met and regulated. The framework should include regular reporting and auditing requirements and the implementation of penalties for those who fail to comply. The proposed incentive model seeks to engage stakeholders in effectively managing coastal waste in Makassar, Indonesia, through public and private incentive schemes.

Fire accidents are one of the serious security threats facing the metro, and the accurate determination of the index system and weights for fire assessment in underground stations is the key to conducting fire hazard assessment. Among them, the type and quantity of baggage, which varies with the number of passengers, is an important factor affecting the fire hazard assessment. This study is based on the combination of subjective and objective AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) with the available Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and the perfect CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) empowered fuzzy evaluation method on the metro station fire hazard toughness indicator system and its weights were determined, and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of metro station safety toughness under the influence of baggage was constructed. The practical application proves that the method provides a new perspective for the fire risk assessment of underground stations, and also provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of mobile fire load hazards in underground stations.

Under the background of engineering education certification, the traditional personnel training model can’t meet the requirements of high-quality personnel training under the new engineering background. Taking Surveying and mapping engineering major of Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology as an example, this paper explores the continuous improvement of the output-oriented talent training model through collaborative education of talents training objectives, curriculum system, practical teaching system, teacher team construction, enterprises and graduates. Over the years, the surveying and mapping engineering major of our school has achieved good results in personnel training. The major actively ADAPTS to the regional development of the local economy, closely connects with the needs of regional talents, and highlights its characteristics in serving the local economy.

This article advocates for a fundamental shift in England’s legal approach to professional negligence, particularly within the domains of accounting and audit. English law should move away from its intricate and unclear case law surrounding professional negligence towards a clearly defined test for professional misconduct. Drawing upon a comparative analysis with the legal framework in the United States, where auditors are not shielded from liability under the law, the article highlights the need for a more consistent and accountable legal landscape in England. One of the main aspects that necessitates change is the proximity test, as set out in the Caparo case, which currently prevents auditors from being held liable for negligence to investors (as third parties)—despite investors relying on auditors for their professional skill to audit accounts. As investors rely on audited accounts when making financial decisions, a well-defined test for professional negligence should align English law with international standards and empower victims to seek compensation from the auditors themselves and/or the auditors’ professional indemnity insurance. Such a change would enhance trust and transparency in the financial domain.

The theoretical framework of Production Oriented Approach (POA) proposed by Professor Wen Qiufang has undergone a series of development and improvement, forming a "drive facilitate evaluate" teaching framework system that is guided by output tasks, supported by facilitation activities, led by teachers, and jointly constructed by teachers and students. The "facilitation" link is the core of helping learners achieve goals and achieve output tasks. Based on the ideas and requirements of this theory, the author has designed a series of "facilitation" activities to be applied in advanced English reading classrooms. This article intends to review and reflect on these teaching practice activities, in order to gain a deeper understanding of POA theory.

English writing is an important output skill cultivated in college English courses. And in the age of informationization, college English writing teaching relies on the support of information technology. In order to cope with the solution of this dilemma, Production-Oriented Approach(POA) proposes Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment (TSCA), which creates a new form of assessment. Through TSCA, teachers can not only alleviate the heavy teaching load, but also fully tap the network resources to efficiently use students' time before, during and after class to maximize and optimize the teaching effect. In this paper, the teaching concept of TSCA is used to conduct writing teaching experiments, to study and analyze the writing ability of students who write effectively, so as to provide insights for the practice of English writing teaching.