This study examines the spatial distribution of socioeconomic conditions in Colombia, using Moran's Index as a tool for spatial autocorrelation analysis. Key indicators related to education, health, infrastructure, access to basic services, employment, and housing conditions are addressed, allowing the identification of inequalities and structural barriers. The research reveals patterns of positive autocorrelation in several socioeconomic dimensions, suggesting a concentration of poverty and underdevelopment in certain geographic areas of the country. The results show that municipalities with more unfavorable conditions tend to cluster spatially, particularly in the northern, northwestern, western, eastern, and southern regions of the country, while the central areas exhibit better conditions. Permutation analyses are employed to validate the statistical significance of the findings, and LISA cluster maps highlight the regions with the highest concentration of poverty and social vulnerability. This work contributes to the literature on inequality and regional development in emerging economies, demonstrating that public policies should prioritize intervention in territories that exhibit significant spatial clustering of poverty. The methodology and findings provide a foundation for future studies on spatial correlation and economic planning in both local and international contexts.

This study aimed to determine the socio-economic poverty status of those living in rural areas using data surveys obtained from household expenditure and income. Machine learning-based classification and clustering models were proven to provide an overview of efforts to determine similarities in poverty characteristics. Efforts to address poverty classification and clustering typically involve comprehensive strategies that aim to improve socio-economic conditions in the affected areas. This research focuses on the combined application of machine learning classification and clustering techniques to analyze poverty. It aims to investigate whether the integration of classification and clustering algorithms can enhance the accuracy of poverty analysis by identifying distinct poverty classes or clusters based on multidimensional indicators. The results showed the superiority of machine learning in mapping poverty in rural areas; therefore, it can be adopted in the private sector and government domains. It is important to have access to relevant and reliable data to apply these machine learning techniques effectively. Data sources may include household surveys, census data, administrative records, satellite imagery, and other socioeconomic indicators. Machine learning classification and clustering analyses are used as a decision support tool to gain an understanding of poverty data from each village. These strategies are also used to describe the profile of poverty clusters in the community in terms of significant socio-economic indicators present in the data. Village clusters based on an analysis of existing poverty indicators are grouped into high, moderate, and low poverty levels. Machine learning can be a valuable tool for analyzing and understanding poverty by classifying individuals or households into different poverty categories and identifying patterns and clusters of poverty. These insights can inform targeted interventions, policy decisions, and resource allocation for poverty reduction programs.

The low economic growth of Gorontalo province and the smallest PDRB ADHK in Indonesia are the reasons why this research needs to be carried out to look at the influence of the number of poor people, human development index and unemployment on economic growth in the districts/cities of Gorontolo Province, as a result, there is a mismatch between empirical and theoretical, this research was conducted to fill the information gap on how the three variables influence economic growth, This research was conducted to determine the effect of the number of poor people, the human development index. and unemployment on economic growth, research population data on the number of poor people, HDI, Unemployment, Economic growth, the sampling technique of this research is non-probability sampling, where the full sampling method is applied, Gorontalo Province with six regencies/cities is sampled in this research, with data taken in 2012–2021, the data analysis technique uses panel data regression, with three-panel data model estimates namely CEM, FEM, REM and model selection techniques, Chow test, Hausmant Test and Lagrange multiplie equipped with classical assumption tests and T hypothesis tests and F, the research Finding show that the number of poor people in the Regency/City of Gorontalo Province does not have a significant effect on economic growth in Gorontalo Province. Rice, which is the staple food for the people of Gorontalo, apart from rice, the high level of cigarette consumption among the people of Gorontalo, apparently also has an impact. large impact on the increase in the number of poor people, the human development index in the Regency/City of Gorontalo Province has a significant influence on the economic growth of Gorontalo Province where every increase that occurs in the HDI results in an increase in economic growth in Gorontalo Province, thirdly, the open unemployment rate in the Regency/City of Gorontalo Province does not have a significant effect on the economic growth of Gorontalo Province, conclusion of this research is only HDI affects economic growth in Gorontalo.

The young Muslim generation’s embracing digital platforms for Zakat payments represents a dynamic fusion of enduring religious values with the modern digital landscape, heralding a new era in Islamic charitable practices. This trend illustrates a profound transformation within the Islamic world, where the pillars of faith are being reimagined and revitalized through the lens of technological advancement. The present study delved into the factors influencing the young Muslim generation’s preference for digital platforms in Zakat transactions across Indonesia and Malaysia. We examined variables such as Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Trust, Zakat Literacy, and Digital Infrastructure, aiming to discern their impact on the propensity for digital Zakat contributions with the extension of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The research encompassed a diverse sample of 382 participants and utilized advanced methodologies, specifically Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and PLS Multi Group Analysis (PLS-MGA), for rigorous data analysis. The results indicated that Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Digital Infrastructure, and Zakat Literacy notably influenced the use of digital platforms for Zakat. Furthermore, PLS-MGA uncovered significant cross-country differences where Digital Infrastructure showed a more pronounced positive impact in Malaysian context, whereas Social Influence had a greater effect in Indonesia. These findings offer critical insights into the young Muslim community’s digital engagement for religious financial obligations, underscoring the need for tailored digital Zakat solutions that cater to the unique preferences of this demographic. This research not only enriches the understanding of digital adoption in religious practices but also challenges the notion of a universal approach, advocating for context-specific strategies in the realm of digital religious financial services. Future researchers are suggested to consider longitudinal investigations as well as examining cross-regional contexts in this realm of research.

The livelihood of ethnic minority households in Vietnam is mainly in the fields of agriculture and forestry. The percentage of ethnic minorities who have jobs in industry, construction, and services is still limited. Moreover, due to harsh climate conditions, limited resources, poor market access, low education level, lack of investment capital for production, and inadequate policies, job opportunities in the off-farm and non-farm activities are very limited among ethnic minority areas. This paper assessed the contribution of livelihood diversification activities to poverty reduction of ethnic minority households in Son La Province of Vietnam. The analysis was based on the data using three stages sampling procedure of 240 ethnic minority households in Son La Province. The finding showed that the livelihood diversification activities had positively significant contribution to poverty reduction of ethnic minority households in Son La Province. In addition, the factors positively affecting the livelihood choices of ethnic minority households in Son La Province of Vietnam are education level, labor size, access to credit, membership of associations, support policies, vocational training, and district. Thus, improving ethnic minority householder’s knowledge through formal educational and training, expanding availability of accessible infrastructure, and enhancing participation of social/political associations were recommended as possible policy interventions to diversify livelihood activities so as to mitigate the level of poverty in the study area.