Spectrum map is the foundation of spectrum resource management, security governance and spectrum warfare. Aiming at the problem that the traditional spectrum mapping is limited to two-dimensional space, a three-dimensional spectrum data acquisition and mapping system architecture for the integration of space, sky and earth is presented, and a spectrum map reconstruction scheme driven by propagation model is proposed, which can achieve high-precision three-dimensional spectrum map rendering under the condition of sparse sampling. The spectrum map reconstructed by this method in the case of single radiation source and multiple radiation sources is in good agreement with the theoretical results based on ray tracing method. In addition, the measured results of typical scenes further verify the feasibility of this method.

The propagation of plant material in the arracacha crop is commonly done vegetatively through asexual seed, this activity has allowed its multiplication and conservation over time. The plant material available is of low quality, affecting the development and potential yield of the crop and therefore the producer’s income. The objective of the research was to comparatively analyze two technologies for the production of arracacha seed: local technology and Agrosavia technology. The information for the local technology was obtained from surveys applied to farmers and the selection was made using the deterministic sampling technique, and for the Agrosavia technology through the recording of data and production costs in research lots at commercial scale. Descriptive statistics and calculation of economic return indicators were applied for the two situations. The results show that the use of quality seed allows obtaining higher seed production (251,559 unit ha^-1) and tuberous roots (25,875 kg ha^-1), being superior to local technology by 14% and 28% respectively; thus, the arracacha producer acquires greater economic efficiency by obtaining lower unit cost per kilo produced and better net income with a marginal rate of return of 316.45. The results achieved are useful for farmers, companies and entities that wish to produce quality seed and support the arracacha production system in Colombia.

Banana macropropagation in a thermal chamber is an economical technology, effective as a phytosanitary cleaning method, and efficient to enhance seedling production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of corm size (CS) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) on plantain cv. Barraganete seedling proliferation in two propagation environments (PE). The treatments consisted of two levels of BAP (with and without BAP), three CS (2 ± 0.5, 4 ± 0.5 and 6 ± 0.5 kg) and two PE (thermal chamber and raised bed). The variables evaluated were sprouting time (days), multiplication rate (MT) per unit (seedlings per corm) and area (seedlings per m²). Sprouting time was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the PE, where the thermal chamber advanced shoot emergence by 12 days, with respect to the raised bed. MT of seedlings per corm and m², were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by BAP × AP and TC × AP interactions, where the highest seedling production per corm occurred inside thermal chamber with BAP and 6 ± 0.5 kg corms, while seedling production per m² was higher with 2 ± 0.5 kg corms under the same thermal chamber conditions and with BAP. The main effects results reported that with BAP there were 30 and 31% increases in MT per corm and per m², respectively, relative to the treatment without BAP. Within the thermal chamber the MT per corm and per m² increased by 44% relative to the raised bed. Regarding the effect of CS, larger corms achieved higher individual MT, while smaller corms achieved higher MT per area. The use of a thermal chamber and BAP is recommended for mass production of banana seedlings through macropropagation.

For centuries, stem cuttings harvested from sexually mature trees have been recognized to be more difficult to root than those from juvenile shoots. This has been poorly understood and attributed to a combination of ontogenetic and physiological ageing. The recent suggestion that micro-RNA may play a key role in phase change has stimulated a re-examination of some old data that identified pre-severance light x nutrient interactions affecting the rooting ability of stem cuttings. This was linked to vigorous growth and active photosynthesis without constraint from accumulated starch. Support for the prime importance of physiological factors was also obtained when seeking to induce physiological youth in the crowns of ontogenetically mature trees by the induction of roots within the tree crown. Meanwhile, at the other end of the phase change spectrum, floral initiation occurred when the opposite set of environmental conditions prevailed so that growth was stunted, and carbohydrates accumulated in leaves and stems. A re-examination of this literature suggests that rooting ability is driven at the level of an individual leaf and internode emerging from the terminal bud affecting both morphological and physiological activity. In contrast, flowering occurs when internode elongation and assimilate mobilization were hindered. It is therefore suggested that the concepts of juvenility and ageing are not relevant to vegetative propagation and should instead be replaced by physiological and morphological ‘fitness’ to root.

The present research is on the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a homogenous thermoelastic solid half-space by considering the compact form of six different theories of thermoelasticity. The medium is subjected to an insulated boundary surface that is free from normal stress, tangential stress, and a temperature gradient normal to the surface. After developing a mathematical model, a dispersion equation is obtained with irrational terms. To apply the algebraic method, this equation must be converted into a rational polynomial equation. From this, only those roots are filtered out, which has satisfied both of the above equations for the propagation of waves decaying with depth. With the help of these roots, different characteristics are computed numerically, like phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, and path of particles. Various particular cases are compared graphically by using phase velocity and attenuation coefficient. The elliptic path of surface particles in Rayleigh wave propagation is also presented for the different theories using physical constants of copper material for different depths and thermal conductivity.

Fog computing (FC) has been presented as a modern distributed technology that will overcome the different issues that Cloud computing faces and provide many services. It brings computation and data storage closer to data resources such as sensors, cameras, and mobile devices. The fog computing paradigm is instrumental in scenarios where low latency, real-time processing, and high bandwidth are critical, such as in smart cities, industrial IoT, and autonomous vehicles. However, the distributed nature of fog computing introduces complexities in managing and predicting the execution time of tasks across heterogeneous devices with varying computational capabilities. Neural network models have demonstrated exceptional capability in prediction tasks because of their capacity to extract insightful patterns from data. Neural networks can capture non-linear interactions and provide precise predictions in various fields by using numerous layers of linked nodes. In addition, choosing the right inputs is essential to forecasting the correct value since neural network models rely on the data fed into the network to make predictions. The scheduler may choose the appropriate resource and schedule for practical resource usage and decreased make-span based on the expected value. In this paper, we suggest a model Neural Network model for fog computing task time execution prediction and an input assessment of the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. The proposed model showed a 23.9% reduction in MRE compared to other methods in the state-of-arts.