Land use and forest cover change present significant challenges in the northern upland regions of Lao PDR, particularly in efforts to reduce deforestation and unsustainable land use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic factors influencing land use and forest cover changes in Phongsaly Province. The study was conducted across five districts, covering 14 villages. A total of 501 participants were selected through systematic random sampling to take part in questionnaire-based interviews. Binomial logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the socioeconomic factors that influence changes in land use and forest cover. The results revealed that satisfaction levels, expectations, perceptions of law enforcement, and participation in forest management were significantly associated with socioeconomic factors. Key factors influencing land use and forest cover change included ethnicity, educational attainment, household size, distance to forest areas, and engagement in forest management practices. In particular, ethnicity has exerted a significantly positive influence on land use and forest cover changes. Higher levels of educational attainment are essential for improving the quality of life among ethnic groups, expanding their occupational opportunities, and reducing the negative impacts on land use and forest cover change. Changes in land use and forest cover have had a significant impact on carbon storage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The primary driver of GHG emissions is the conversion of forested areas into agricultural land, particularly for the cultivation of upland crops. Factors influencing these changes should be effectively disseminated and addressed through targeted interventions. Efforts should be prioritized and strengthened within local communities, especially in areas experiencing high rates of deforestation and forest degradation.