This study examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) enhances Sharia compliance within Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) by improving operational efficiency, ensuring transparency, and addressing ethical and technical challenges. A quantitative survey across five Saudi regions resulted in 450 validated responses, analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and regression models. The findings reveal that while AI significantly enhances transparency and compliance processes, its impact on operational efficiency is limited. Key barriers include high implementation costs, insufficient structured Sharia datasets, and integration complexities. Regional and professional differences further underscore the need for tailored adoption strategies. It introduces a novel framework integrating ethical governance, Sharia compliance, and operational scalability, addressing critical gaps in the literature. It offers actionable recommendations for AI adoption in Islamic finance and contributes to the global discourse on ethical AI practices. However, the Saudi-specific focus highlights regional dynamics that may limit broader applicability. Future research could extend these findings through cross-regional comparisons to validate and refine the proposed framework. By fostering transparency and ethical governance, AI integration aligns Islamic finance with socio-economic goals, enhancing stakeholder trust and financial inclusivity. The study emphasizes the need for targeted AI training, the development of structured Sharia datasets, and scalable solutions to overcome adoption challenges.

All ophiolite associations mark epochs of active tectonic movements, which lead to significant petrological processes and modification of the relief of the Earth’s crust. Here we present a geological-petrographical characterization of one ophiolitic associations composed of: a) serpentinites; b) amphibolites-metamorphosed volcanic rocks and tuffs; c) metagabbros and metagabbrodiabases, placed among the Proterozoic metamorphic complex in the Rhodope Massif of Bulgaria on the Balkan Peninsula, South-Eastern Europе. The goal is to clarify the paleogeographical and geological setting during its creation. The methods of lithostratigraphic profiling and correlations on the database of geological field mapping were used, supplemented by microscopic, geochemical and isotopic studies of numerous rock samples. The summarized results confirm a certain stratigraphic level of the Ophiolite Association among the metamorphic complex and a complicated and protracted heterogenetic development, which is typical for the ophiolite associations created in eras of closing oceans, opposite movement of tectonic plates, subduction-obduction environment with appearance of autochthonous Neoproterozoic magmatism. Obducted fragments of serpentinites mark an old erosional continental surface, subsequently covered by transgressively deposited pelitic-carbonate sediments. The general conclusion of our study confirms the concept that the metamorphic complex of the Rhodope Massif represents a unified stratigraphic system consisting of two petrographic groups of different ages, with which we oppose the idea of a trust construction, launched by a group of geologists.

Mapping land use and land cover (LULC) is essential for comprehending changes in the environment and promoting sustainable planning. To achieve accurate and effective LULC mapping, this work investigates the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Machine Learning (ML) methodology. Different types of land covers in the Lucknow district were classified using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm and Landsat satellite images. Since the research area consists of a variety of landforms, there are issues with classification accuracy. These challenges are met by combining supplementary data into the GIS framework and adjusting algorithm parameters like selection of cloud free images and homogeneous training samples. The result demonstrates a net increase of 484.59 km² in built-up areas. A net decrement of 75.44 km² was observed in forest areas. A drastic net decrease of 674.52 km² was observed for wetlands. Most of the wastelands have been converted into urban areas and agricultural land based on their suitability with settlements or crops. The classifications achieved an overall accuracy near 90%. This strategy provides a reliable way to track changes in land cover, supporting resource management, urban planning, and environmental preservation. The results highlight how sophisticated computational methods can enhance the accuracy of LULC evaluations.

Some platforms in the collaborative economy offer a combination of sectoral and information society services, which characterises them as a hybrid entity. The concurrent provision of disparate types of services necessitates the determination of the predominant activity of a given platform on a case-by-case basis. This, in turn, gives rise to legal uncertainty and inconsistent case law at the national level. This paper examines the impact of the choice of institutional alternatives in the context of multilevel governance in the EU on the legal status of collaborative economy business models such as Uber and Airbnb in the EU single market. The paper employs a mixed-methods research approach to analyse pivotal jurisprudential decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and national courts. It reaches the conclusion that the Airbnb platform, in its capacity as an information society service provider, is subject to the provisions of the Electronic Commerce Directive (2000/31/EC). Conversely, Uber, by virtue of its definition as a transport undertaking, is subject to shared jurisdiction between EU institutions and Member States in the field of transport services. This paper initiates a discussion on the suitability of the extant regulatory apparatus and underscores the necessity for the establishment of an appropriate institutional framework, either centralised at the EU level or decentralised at the level of Member States, that would provide substantive rules aimed at comprehensively regulating the legal status of hybrid business models, thus allowing for more uniform conditions for their operation in the EU single market.

Hate speech in higher education institutions is a pressing issue that threatens democratic values and social cohesion. This research explores student perspectives on hate speech within the university setting, examining its forms, causes, and impacts on democratic principles such as freedom of expression and inclusivity. This research is extended to determine the debates and theories elaborated from different perspectives qualitative and quantitative analysis of data collected from 108 participants at Higher Education in Kosovo. From the communication standpoint, analyzing hate speech in the media and social media is key to understanding the type of message used, its emitter, how the message rallies supporters, and how they interpret message. The findings highlight the need for proactive policies and educational interventions to mitigate Research on hate speech in higher education in Kosovo is crucial for fostering social cohesion and inclusivity in its diverse society. Hate speech undermines the academic environment, negatively affecting students’ mental health, learning outcomes, and overall well-being, necessitating efforts to create safer educational spaces. The study aligns with Kosovo’s aspirations for European integration, emphasizing adherence to human rights and anti-discrimination principles. Despite the issue’s significance, there is a lack of empirical data on hate speech in Kosovo’s higher education, making this research vital for evidence-based policymaking. With a youth-centric focus, the study aims to educate and empower young people as future leaders to embrace respect and inclusivity. By addressing hate speech’s local challenges and global relevance, the research supports institutional reforms and offers valuable insights for post-conflict and multicultural societies. Hate speech while fostering a culture of mutual respect and democratic engagement.