Using company size as a moderator, this article examines the MENA region’s gender balance on boards and how it influences capital structure. The study uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimate technique to analyze data from a sample of 556 non-financial organizations across 10 MENA countries from 2010 to 2023. The results show that a lower debt ratio is connected with a higher percentage of female board members. Further steps towards debt reduction include increasing the number of independent female board members and decreasing the board’s overall size. The opposite is true for larger enterprises, more profitability, more expansion opportunities, and macroeconomic variables like inflation and GDP growth, which tend to raise the debt ratio. Capital structure decisions in the MENA area are influenced by gender diversity on boards and business characteristics. Therefore, Companies in the MENA area would do well to support initiatives that increase the representation of women on corporate boards. One way to achieve this goal is to establish gender diversity targets or launch programs to increase the number of women serving on boards of directors, particularly in positions of power.

This study investigated the influence of infrastructure spending, government debt, and inflation on GDP in South Africa from 1995 to 2023. Motivated by the need for sustainable growth amid fiscal and inflationary pressures, this research addresses gaps in understanding how these factors shape economic performance. The primary objective was to assess these variables’ individual and combined effects on GDP and offer policy recommendations. Using an ARDL model, the study explored long- and short-term relationships among the variables. Results indicate that infrastructure spending positively impacts GDP, promoting long-term growth, while government debt hinders GDP in both short and long runs. Moderate inflation supports growth, but excessive inflation poses risks. These findings imply the need for targeted infrastructure investments, strict debt management practices, and inflation control measures to sustain economic stability and growth. Policy recommendations include expanding public investment in productive infrastructure, implementing fiscal rules to prevent unsustainable debt levels, and maintaining inflation within a controlled range. Ultimately, these policies could help South Africa build a resilient, balanced economy that addresses both immediate growth needs and long-term stability.

The banking sector is a pillar of the world’s economic fabric and is today facing a major revolution due to the demands of sustainable development objectives and the evolution of sustainable finance tools. This article analyses the impact of green credit on commercial banks’ performance based on data from 10 commercial banks in China between 2012 and 2022. The study found that in the short term, the implementation of green credit has a positive effect on the income level of commercial banks’ intermediate activities and a moderating effect on their return on total assets and non-performing loan ratio.

In Ecuador, although regulations on curricular adaptations are clearly defined, Physical Education teachers face challenges at the micro-curricular level in adapting their classes to meet the needs of students with disabilities, specific learning difficulties, and vulnerable situations. The objective of this study was to analyze the presence and characteristics of specific curricular adaptations for Physical Education on a global scale. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, covering studies from the Scopus database. A total of 112 articles were identified, and 16 that met the inclusion criteria were selected. These studies addressed curricular adaptations in Physical Education across five dimensions: teaching methodology, inclusive assessment, access to resources, accessible environments, and learning content, with a focus on students with disabilities. It was concluded that the combination of access adaptations, methodological strategies, and curricular content modifications enhances the inclusion and participation of students with disabilities. Interventions with these simultaneous adaptations achieved levels of satisfaction, self-efficacy, and holistic development, influenced by the geographical and cultural context.