Bangladesh’s coastal regions are rich in saline water resources. The majority of these resources are still not being used to their full potential. In the southern Bangladeshi region of Patuakhali, research was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching and drip irrigation on tomato yield, quality, and blossom-end rot (BER) at different soil salinity thresholds. There were four distinct treatments applied: T₁= drip irrigation with polythene mulch, T₂ = drip irrigation with straw mulch, T₃ = drip irrigation without mulch, and T₄ = standard procedure. While soil salinity was much greater in treatment T₃ (1.19–8.42 dS/m) fallowed by T₄ (1.23–8.63 dS/m), T1 treatments had the lowest level of salinity and the highest moisture retention during every development stage of the crops, ranging from 1.28–4.29 dS/m. Treatment T₃ exhibited the highest soil salinity levels (ranging from 1.19 to 8.42 dS/m), followed by T₄ with a range of 1.23 to 8.63 dS/m. In contrast, T₁ treatments consistently maintained the lowest salinity levels (ranging from 1.28 to 4.29 dS/m) and the highest moisture retention throughout all stages of crop development. In terms of yield, drip irrigation with no mulch treatment (T₃) provided the lowest output (13.37 t/ha), whereas polyethylene mulching treatment (T₁) produced the maximum yield (46.04 t/ha). According to the study, conserving moisture in tomato fields and reducing soil salinity may both be achieved with drip irrigation combined with polythene mulch. The research suggests that employing drip irrigation in conjunction with polythene mulch could effectively preserve moisture in tomato fields and concurrently decrease soil salinity.

As a result of China's evolving higher education landscape, private universities have emerged as significant players, fostering democratization and fulfilling key roles. However, these institutions face distinct challenges shaped by legal, societal, and internal factors. In the knowledge-driven economy, employee satisfaction is crucial for success. Understanding pivotal factors and conducting satisfaction surveys are essential for effective management and talent retention. This study focuses on Chengdu's private university educators, analyzing how factors like belongingness, self-actualization, and rewards influence job satisfaction. Through surveys, data analysis, and literature review, this study refines its findings and uncovers underlying causes. The study offers actionable insights for educators and institutions, aimed at enhancing job satisfaction.

This study focused on the topic of competences and challenges faced by university teachers in Ecuadorian higher education. The objective of this study was to identify the essential competences that university teachers must possess to confront the current challenges in the Ecuadorian educational field. A mixed research methodology was utilized. A concurrent triangulation design (DITRIAC) was applied. The data collection technique was through documentary study and focus groups. Eight experts in Ecuadorian higher education participated as key informants. Among the findings, there was a consensus on 7 key competences (disciplinary mastery, pedagogical competences, technological skills, research and continuous updating, critical thinking development, ethical and social commitment, flexibility and adaptability to change). It was concluded that Ecuadorian higher education requires teaching professionals who not only master their disciplines and possess advanced pedagogical and technological skills, but who are also leaders in research, promoters of critical thinking, and exemplify ethical commitment and adaptability.

Managerial coaching in training programs is an important management style that fosters effective communication between immediate supervisors and employees in sustainable organizations. This study assesses the relationship between managerial coaching in training programmes, green motivation and employee green behaviour. A questionnaire was used to collect data from employees across various positions in five public organisations in Malaysia. SmartPLS software was employed to evaluate the measurement model, structural model and test research hypotheses. The SmartPLS path model analysis results reveal that the influence of managerial coaching in training programmes on employee green behaviour is indirectly affected by green motivation. The study’s findings suggest that consistent implementation of managerial coaching in training programmes by immediate supervisors managing training activities can instigate green motivation in employees, subsequently motivating them to enhance their green behaviour. These findings provide valuable insights for practitioners, helping them understand the nuances of green motivation in training programmes and develop strategic action plans to enhance managerial coaching in training programmes. It, in turn, contributes to achieving and sustaining organisational goals and strategies in the era of globalisation and the knowledge-based economy.

The COVID-19 outbreak on international cruise ships during the early stages of the pandemic has exposed deficiencies in the governance of public health emergencies within the framework of existing international law. These deficiencies encompass various aspects, including the shortcomings of the system of flag state jurisdiction, the vague definition and reasonableness of governments’ “additional health measures” as stipulated in the International Health Regulations (IHR) of 2005, the role of World Health Organization (WHO) in the protection of the fundamental rights of passengers and crew members during epidemic outbreaks on cruise ships, the application of the free pratique rule under the international health law, and other challenges that have not been adequately addressed in current international law. In the post-COVID era, it is essential to revisit these core issues of international law and reassess the allocation of responsibilities among all evolving actors to foster effective multilateral cooperation in epidemic control. This paper adopts the “Diamond Princess” incident as a case study, examining how such public health emergencies pose challenges to international laws, particularly when they occur within the context of a cruise ship. The paper argues that cooperation on global health emergencies will continue to be a challenge until responsibility is more clearly allocated among stakeholders. Additionally, the paper formulates three principles for enhancing governmental cooperation, namely the fairness principle, the nationality principle, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. It is advisable to carefully consider these key principles when reevaluating the international laws on public health emergencies in the post-COVID era.